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Osteology > Chapter 2-Anatomical Terminology > Flashcards

Chapter 2-Anatomical Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Standard Anatomical Position

A

human stands, looking forward, feet together and pointing forward, arms alongside the trunk with palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body

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2
Q

axial skeleton

A

bones of the trunk including vertebrae, sacrum, ribs, and sternum

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3
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

bones of limbs including the shoulder and pelvic girdles, and hands and feet

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4
Q

sagittal/midsagittal/median/midline

A

divides the body into symmetrical right and left halves

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5
Q

parasagittal section

A

any planar slice through the body that parallels the sagittal plane

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6
Q

coronal/frontal plane

A

passes through the bregma and divides the body into anterior and posterior halves

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7
Q

paracoronal section

A

any planar slice through the body that parallels the coronal plane

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8
Q

transverse/horizontal plane

A

slices the body at any height but always passes perpendicular to sagittal and frontal planes

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9
Q

hominid

A

zoological family of primates to which humans and their immediate ancestors and near-relatives belong

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10
Q

orthograde

A

trunk upright

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11
Q

pronograde

A

trunk horizontal

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12
Q

superior

A

toward the head of the hominid body

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13
Q

cephalic/cranial

A

synonymous with superior, can also be used for quadrupeds

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14
Q

inferior

A

body parts away from the head

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15
Q

caudal

A

toward the tail

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16
Q

anterior

A

toward the front of the hominid body

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17
Q

ventral

A

toward the belly, “anterior” for quadrupeds

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18
Q

posterior

A

toward the back of the individual

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19
Q

dorsal

A

“posterior” (toward the back) for quadrupeds

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20
Q

medial

A

toward the midline

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21
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline

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22
Q

proximal

A

nearest the axial skeleton, usually used for limb bones

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23
Q

distal

A

farthest from the axial skeleton

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24
Q

external

A

closer to the surface

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25
Q

internal

A

deeper inside

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26
Q

extrinsic

A

external to that which it acts upon

i.e. flexor pollicis longus, a muscle that flexes the thumb, is considered an extrinsic hand muscle because the belly of the muscle is found deep in the forearm rather than the hand itself

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27
Q

intrinsic

A

internal to that which it acts upon

i. e. flexor pollicis brevis is considered an intrinsic hand muscle because it is located entirely in the hand

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28
Q

endocranial

A

inner surface of cranial vault

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29
Q

ectocranial

A

outer surface of cranial vault

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30
Q

superficial

A

closer to the surface

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31
Q

subcutaneous

A

just beneath the skin

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32
Q

palmar

A

palm side of the hand

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33
Q

plantar

A

sole of the foot

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34
Q

volar

A

refers to both palmar and planter, “hollow” of feet and hands

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35
Q

dorsal

A

top of foot or back of hand

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36
Q

mesial

A

toward the midline point of the dental arch where the central incisors contact each other

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37
Q

distal (teeth)

A

opposite of mesial

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38
Q

lingual

A

toward the tongue

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39
Q

labial

A

towards the lips

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40
Q

buccal

A

toward the cheeks, usually reserved for premolars and molars

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41
Q

interproximal

A

area of tooth in contact with adjacent tooth

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42
Q

occlusal

A

facing the opposing dental arch, usually the chewing surface of each tooth

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43
Q

apical

A

at or towards the tip of the root

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44
Q

cervical

A

at, around, or pertaining to either the neck proper or to any number of anatomical constrictions referred to as “neck” or “cervix”

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45
Q

neck proper

A

portion of body between head and shoulders

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46
Q

incisal

A

biting or occlusal edge of the incisors

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47
Q

mesiodistal

A

axis running from mesial to distal

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48
Q

buccolingual/labiolingual

A

axis running from labial or buccal to lingual

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49
Q

origin (muscle)

A

less mobile attachment point anchoring muscle to bone

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50
Q

insertion (muscle)

A

site of muscle attachment with relatively more movement than the origin

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51
Q

flexion

A

generally, a bending movement that decreases the angle between body parts. by convention, flexion at the shoulder/hip joint refers to a ventral movement of the limb

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52
Q

extension

A

straightening movement increasing angle between body parts

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53
Q

abduction

A

movement of a body part (limb usually) away from sagittal plane. for fingers/toes, movement of the digit away from midline of hand/foot

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54
Q

adduction

A

movement of body part (limb usually) towards sagittal plane. for fingers/toes, closing the digits.

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55
Q

circumduction

A

a combination of abduction, adduction, flexion, and extension resulting in appendage being moved in cone-shaped path

I. e. driver signaling someone to pass

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56
Q

rotation

A

motion that occurs as one body part turns on an axis

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57
Q

opposition

A

motion in which body parts are brought together

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58
Q

pronation

A

rotary motion of forearm, turns palm from anteriorly facing (thumb lateral) to posteriorly facing (thumb medial)

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59
Q

supination

A

rotary motion of forearm returning palm to position where thumb is lateral

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60
Q

dorsiflexion

A

flexion of anterior portion of foot away from ground

61
Q

plantarflexion/volarflexion

A

flexing the anterior portion of the foot inferiorly toward the ground at the ankle

62
Q

eversion/pronation of the foot

A

turning the sole of the foot outward so that it faces away from the midline of the body

63
Q

malleous

A

rounded protuberance adjacent to the ankle joint

64
Q

boss

A

smooth, round, broad eminence

65
Q

articulation

A

area where adjacent bones are in contact via cartilage or fibrous tissue at a joint

66
Q

condoyle

A

rounded articular process

67
Q

epicondyle

A

nonarticular projection adjacent to a condyle

68
Q

head

A

a large, rounded, usually articular end of a bone

69
Q

shaft/diaphysis (pl. diaphyses)

A

long, straight section between ends of a long bone

70
Q

epiphysis

A

usually the end portion or extremity of a long bone expanded for articulation

71
Q

neck

A

section of bone between head and shaft

72
Q

torus (pl. tori)

A

bony thickening

73
Q

ridge

A

linear bony elevation, often roughened

74
Q

crest

A

a prominent, usually sharp and thin ridge of bone; often formed between adjacent muscle masses

75
Q

line

A

raised linear surface, not as thick as a torus or as sharp as a crest

76
Q

hamulus

A

hook-shaped projection

77
Q

facet

A

small articular surface on bone, or tooth-to-tooth contact

78
Q

ramus (pl. rami)

A

a branch

79
Q

fossa (pl. fossae)

A

a depressed area, usually broad and shallow

80
Q

fovea (pl. foveae)

A

pit-like, depressed area usually smaller than a fossa

81
Q

groove

A

long pit or furrow

82
Q

sulcus

A

long, wide groove

83
Q

fontanelle

A

space between cranial bones of an infant

84
Q

suture

A

where adjacent bones of the skull articulate

85
Q

foramen (pl. foramina)

A

opening through a bone, usually a passage for blood vessels and nerves

86
Q

canal

A

tunnel-like passage, usually extending from a foramen

87
Q

canaliculus (pl. canaliculi)

A

very small passage or duct

88
Q

meatus

A

short, wide canal

89
Q

sinus

A

cavity within cranial bone

90
Q

alveolus

A

tooth socket

91
Q

allo-

A

other or different

92
Q

apo-

A

separate, apart, away from, detached

93
Q

brachi-, brachio-, -brachial

A

of, or relating to the arm, specifically the upper arm

94
Q

brachy-

A

short

95
Q

-cep, -ceps

A

head or heads

96
Q

chondro-, -chondro-

A

cartilage or cartilaginous

97
Q

cost-, -costal

A

related to a rib or ribs

98
Q

cyt-, -cyte, or -cytic

A

a mature cell

99
Q

dia-

A

across, through, or apart

100
Q

dis-

A

undoing, removal, reversal, or absence

101
Q

epi-

A

at, upon, close to, adjacent, above, or in addition

102
Q

infra-

A

below or beneath

103
Q

-itis

A

denotes inflammatory disease

104
Q

lacri-, lacry-

A

of, belonging to, or related to tears

105
Q

meta-

A

between or with

106
Q

-oma (pl. omata)

A

growth or tumor

107
Q

peri-

A

near or around, about

108
Q

-physis (pl. -physes)

A

growth, projection, protuberance

109
Q

-phyte

A

pathological outgrowth

110
Q

platy-

A

broad and flat

111
Q

retro-

A

having a location behind

112
Q

splanchno-

A

related to the viscera or internal organs

113
Q

-stitial

A

related to a place where something stands

114
Q

-topic

A

place or usual location

115
Q

-trophy

A

maintenance, nourishment

116
Q

zygo-

A

denoting a joining or pairing

117
Q

antebrachial

A

of, belonging to, or related to the forearm

118
Q

antecubital

A

of, belonging to, or related to the front of the elbow

119
Q

axillary

A

of, belonging to, or related to the armpit

120
Q

buccal

A

of, belonging to, or related to the cheek

121
Q

carpal

A

of, belonging to, or related to the wrist

122
Q

cephalic

A

of, belonging to, or related to the head

123
Q

cervical

A

of, belonging to, or related to the neck

124
Q

cnemial

A

of, belonging to, or related to the shin or tibia

125
Q

costal

A

of, belonging to, or related to the ribs

126
Q

coxal

A

of, belong to, or related to the pelvis, hip, or hip joint

127
Q

crural

A

of, belonging to, or related to the leg, specifically the lower leg or calf

128
Q

cubital

A

of, belonging to, or related to the elbow

129
Q

cutaneous

A

of, belonging to, or related to the skin

130
Q

dermal

A

of, belonging to, or related to the skin

131
Q

digital

A

of, belonging to, or related to the fingers or toes

132
Q

dorsal

A

of, belonging to, or related to the back

133
Q

femoral

A

of, belonging to, or related to the leg, specifically the thigh or upper leg

134
Q

glossal

A

of, belonging to, or related to the tongue

135
Q

hallucial

A

of, belonging to, or related to the big toe

136
Q

lingual

A

of, belonging to, or related to the tongue

137
Q

lumber

A

of, belonging to, or related to the loin or loyal back

138
Q

manual

A

of, belonging to, or related to the hand

139
Q

mental

A

of, belonging to, or related to the chin

140
Q

nuchal

A

of, belonging to, or related to the nape, or back of the neck

141
Q

orbital

A

of, belonging to, or related to the eye socket

142
Q

patellar

A

of, belonging to, or related to the front of the knee

143
Q

pedal

A

of, belonging to, or related to the foot

144
Q

pollical

A

of, belonging to, or related to the thumb

145
Q

popliteal

A

of, belonging to, or related to the back of the knee

146
Q

tarsal

A

of, belonging to, or related to the ankle

147
Q

temporal

A

of, belonging to, or related to the temples

148
Q

thoracic

A

of, belonging to, or related to the chest

149
Q

vascular

A

of, belonging to, or related to (usually blood) vessels

Osteology (4 decks)

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