Chapter 2: American Experiments (1521 - 1700) Flashcards
Mestizos
European and Indigenous American Ancestry
Mulattos
Mixed European and African ancestry
Zambos
Mixed Indigenous and African ancestry
Encomienda
Spanish Conquistadors received land from the crown
Columbian Exchange
Trade of humans, animals, plants, diseases between Western Hemisphere, Africa, and Europe; Horses improved indian life, potato and maize benefited European cultures
Mercantilism
Maximize exports, reduce imports; Benefitted Mother COuntry England with improved trade
Brazil
Very rigorous labor used to create sugar; Production was done on site; As Indian population decreased, Africans became more prevalent in slave labor
England’s Tobacco Colony
Jamestown, Virginia
Jamestown 1607
Joint Stock Company, Settlers sought gold, but lack of gold led to tobacco which exhausted the land, and House of Burgesses
House of Burgesses
First representative government in US 1619 in Virginia
Indian War 1622
Powhatan despised English attempts to force Indian children into Catholic school; Attack killed 1/3 Jamestown population; Jamestown becomes royal colony in 1624, requiring colonists to pay taxes for Church of England
Anglican Church is established Church
Lord Baltimore - Catholics Maryland
Proprietary Colony - granted by King Charles I (Catholic)
Maryland Acts of Toleration 1649 - Granted religious freedom to Christians, befitting Catholics
Maryland Relied on Tobacco similar to V.A.
Caribbean Islands
SImilar to Brazil, focused on sugar production
Headright System
Gave 50 acres land to whoever paid for immigrants passage
Indentured Servitude
In exchange for passage paid for, servants would work for 4-5 years under contract; 1/2 died before being freed
African Laborers
Used more in Chesapeake due to Bacon’s Rebellion
Strict laws associated slaves with the color black
New France
Expanded into North America (Canada)
Established Quebec as fur trading post
Jesuit priests sought to convert Indians to Catholicism
New Netherlands
First Dutch Colony in N.A.
Amsterdam (Manhattan) small, but significant traders of fur
Rise of Iroquois
Located in Central/West NY
Traded weapons/goods with French and Dutch
Remained strong force in NY
New England
Pilgrims, Puritans, John WInthrop Mass. Bay. and Roger Williams - Rhode Island
Pilgrims
Separatists wanting to break away from Church of England
Established representative-self government
Puritans
Wanted to purify Church of England - not separate from it
John Winthrop Mass. Bay
Sought to Est. City Upon a Hill
Church Members had tremendous power - only ones that could vote
No religious tolerance - believed in predestination
Roger Williams and Rhode Island
Advocated for separation church + state, religious tolerance, ally with Indians
No established Church in R.I.
Winthrop banished Roger Williams to R.I. from Mass. Bay
Anne Hutchinson
Seen as major threat to Puritanism
Challenged typical gender roles
Banished from Mass Bay Colony
Anne Hutchinson
Seen as major threat to Puritanism
Challenged typical gender roles
Banished from Mass Bay Colony
Salem Witch Trials
Accusers (poorer) accused wealthier of witchcraft
After, many colonies embraced ideas of englightenment
New England War
Pequot - Puritan War, and Metacom’s War 1675-76
Puritan - Pequot War
Pequots were allied with Dutch, had conflicts with English
Pequots massacred 500 English, followed by harsh retaliation by New England
Some settlers saw diseases like smallpox doing “God’s work”
Metacom’s War 1675-76
Metacom (King Philip I) was King of Wampanoag
Metacom eventually killed; Natives were rarely threat to New England afterwards
Bacon’s Rebellion
Gov. Berkeley did not allow settlement past certain line of land
In west, many farmers were underrepresented in Burgesses
Conflict between Native and Westerners like Bacon
Bacon died suddenly
Significance of Bacon’s Rebellion
Movement towards slave labor Showed social class difference in East (rich) and West (poor)
Phillip II
Ardent Catholic
Married Queen Elizabeth I of England
Dutch
Calvinist
Revolted against Spanish rule to declare their own independence against Catholicism
King Henry VIII
Initially opposed Protestantism
When Pope refused to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon, Henry broke with Rome and placed himself of head of Church of England
Church mostly stayed Catholic, but Protestant teachings continued to spread
Queen Elizabeth I
Henry’s daughter and successor
Approved Protestant confession of faith, also retained Catholic ritual of communion and left Church in hands of Anglican bishops and archbishops
Elizabeth imposed English Rule over Catholic Ireland
Philip of Spain
The match Elizabeth’s power, Philip sent Spanish Armada
Spanish Armada
many ships against England 1588
Philip intended to restore Romanch Church in England and wipe out Calvinism in Holland
A fierce storm and English ships destroyed the Spanish fleet
Philip spent Spain’s riches of gold on wars
This marked downfall of Spain and rise of England
Brazil
SUGAR PLANTATIONS
Only Portuguese Colony in Americas due to Tordesillas Treaty
James Rolf
Cultivated tobacco in Jamestown, Virginia
Married Pocahantas
Jacques Cartier
Ventures and Saves St. Lawrence River for France
Samuel de Champlain
Founds Quebec for France
Jacques Marquette
Reaches Miss. River in Wisconsin
Robert de la Salle
Traveled down Gulf of Mexic0 - Named it Louisiana after King Louis
Henry Hudson
English, but sailed for Dutch
Hudson River and Hudson Bay
Founded New Netherlands
Governor Peter Stuyvesant
Not well liked ruler for New Netherlands
Beaver Wars
Iroquois COnfederation fought French Allies, Hurons, and Algonquians
William Bradford
Led Puritans
Yeoman Society
Puritans that rejected Feudal System
Did not pay high taxes
