Chapter 2 Africans in the Atlantic World Flashcards
For Portugal, what two shipments became the most important shipments from Africa?
Gold and slaves
What country started the African slave trade?
Portugal
What does the term Ladino mean?
Latinized Africans that were reshipped from Spain to the Spanish Colonies
In 1444, what happened when Portuguese seaman landed on the coast of Senegal?
African archers shot poison arrows at them.
From the 1460’s on describe how the Portuguese obtained slaves.
Trade agreements and military alliances with African rulers and merchants.
Describe what took place in Elmina.
The Portuguese sold gold and slaves there.
Cape Verde is where slaves harvested what?
Cotton and indigo
On Sao Tome slaves harvested what?
Sugar
Slaves obtained in Benin and Kongo were shipped to Sao Tome and then…
Lisbon in Portugal
What type of work did slaves complete in Lisbon?
Domestic service, unskilled jobs, semiskilled trades, agricultural work, and interpreting on ships
Describe the three categories of black slaves shipped to the Spanish colonies.
A.) Mine and agricultural workers
B.) household workers
C.) armed auxiliary
In 1621, The Dutch West India company challenged Portugal by establishing Fort __________ in ___________.
Nassau, Mowri
In 1637, the ________ captured Elmina.
Dutch
By 1682, Elmina had a diverse population of __________, ___________, and __________.
Europeans, Africans, and interracial persons of Portuguese and African descent
Once Europeans arrived at the trading post how did they acquire slaves?
Through negotiations and raids
What were the two ways that the Portuguese acquired slaves in the 16th centaury?
A.) They made military alliances with central Africans
B.) Established their own slave trade base
Describe how Angola was conquered?
Angola was conquered by the Portuguese military aided by soldiers from the kingdom of Kongo.
Angola is derived from what word?
Angola was derived from ngola
Portugal’s conquests throughout Africa was interrupted by _______________.
Queen Njinga
Describe how Njinga fought the Portuguese
Queen Njinga led her military into battle against the Portuguese every year for two decades with the help of the Dutch
What happened to Njinga’s sisters?
Both sisters were taken by the Portuguese, one was killed and the other was returned to her in 1656.
Historians estimate that around ______ million slaves were transported to the Americas.
12.5
List three characteristics of a seasoned slave.
Adjusting to food, Adjusting to climate, adjusting to disease.
Most slaves were considered seasoned after how long?
After 3 years
Additional characteristic for a seasoned slave.
Made their own culture
In the _____________, Europeans made their serious effort to develop a lucrative economy in the New World.
Caribbean
Initially, what European nation had control or the Caribbean?
Spain
Describe “breaking in”.
Breaking in a slave was done by either placing them with a seasoned slave or separating them.
Why was there a 30 percent death rate during the seasoning period?
Diseases, climate change, food change, exposure while running away, and flogging
By 1800, Mexico had _________ free blacks and __________ slaves.
625,000 & 10,000
What did runaway slaves do in Guatemala?
They bonded together and pushed back Spanish troops with bows and arrows.
The largest percentage of blacks relative to white in the Americas was in ____________.
New Granada
The New Granada was composed of the modern countries of….
Venezuela, Panama, Columbia, and Ecuador
When did the slave trade accelerate in Brazil?
When more slaves were needed to harvest sugar
What were the three distinct groups of slaves in Brazil?
A.) Urban slaves
B.) Mining slaves
C.) Plantation slaves
What was a negros de ganho?
Slaves that were sent to town to stand on corners and assist shoppers with packages
No law forbade slaves to ___________ in Brazil.
Read and write
All Brazilian slaves had to be _________ within a year.
baptized
What caused the enactment of slave codes in the Caribbean?
The growing number of blacks over whites
What happened to Vincent Oge?
They cut off his arms and legs because he opposed Code Noir laws
Define Coartacion.
allowed slaves to purchase their freedom
Describe what happened to Domingos Alvares.
He was a voodoo priest who was exiled to Lisbon by the inquisitors and eventually executed.
The ________ fastened the slaves ankles for several days.
Tronco
What was a Cabildos de naciones?
An ethnic association that held festivals in the mountains
What was a Maroon?
Runaway slaves
What did Colonel Cudjoe do?
He was a Jamaican Maroon who fought against the British
What type of warfare was utilized by the enslaved during Tacky’s revolt?
African style guerrilla warfare tactics
How did Tacky’s revolt end?
Britain sent the Royal Navy and the leader of the revolt got captured
Who was the Black Messiah?
Francois Mackandal
What was the name of the device that fastened their arms for days?
Libambo
The _______ was when a slave was tied face down and beaten for 9 to 13 consecutive days.
Novenas/Trezenas
What was the response in the Danish islands to the decree issued by the governor of St. Thomas in 1733?
Slaves didn’t have enough food so they captured the garrison and killed all the whites they could find
Who established the Republic of Palmares?
Slaves in Brazil
What is candombe?
An African form of music from Uruguay.
Who started the uprising in Saint Domingue?
The Black Messiah/ Francois Mackandal
What were ethnic associations that held festivals to maintain African culture?
Cabildos
Why did they write slave codes in the Caribbean?
There were more blacks than whites
Who was the voodoo priest exiled by the inquisition?
Domingos Alvaras
In what year did the Dutch capture Elmina?
1637
