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African American History > Chapter 2 Africans in the Atlantic World > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Africans in the Atlantic World Flashcards

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1
Q

For Portugal, what two shipments became the most important shipments from Africa?

A

Gold and slaves

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2
Q

What country started the African slave trade?

A

Portugal

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3
Q

What does the term Ladino mean?

A

Latinized Africans that were reshipped from Spain to the Spanish Colonies

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4
Q

In 1444, what happened when Portuguese seaman landed on the coast of Senegal?

A

African archers shot poison arrows at them.

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5
Q

From the 1460’s on describe how the Portuguese obtained slaves.

A

Trade agreements and military alliances with African rulers and merchants.

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6
Q

Describe what took place in Elmina.

A

The Portuguese sold gold and slaves there.

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7
Q

Cape Verde is where slaves harvested what?

A

Cotton and indigo

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8
Q

On Sao Tome slaves harvested what?

A

Sugar

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9
Q

Slaves obtained in Benin and Kongo were shipped to Sao Tome and then…

A

Lisbon in Portugal

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10
Q

What type of work did slaves complete in Lisbon?

A

Domestic service, unskilled jobs, semiskilled trades, agricultural work, and interpreting on ships

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11
Q

Describe the three categories of black slaves shipped to the Spanish colonies.

A

A.) Mine and agricultural workers
B.) household workers
C.) armed auxiliary

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12
Q

In 1621, The Dutch West India company challenged Portugal by establishing Fort __________ in ___________.

A

Nassau, Mowri

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13
Q

In 1637, the ________ captured Elmina.

A

Dutch

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14
Q

By 1682, Elmina had a diverse population of __________, ___________, and __________.

A

Europeans, Africans, and interracial persons of Portuguese and African descent

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15
Q

Once Europeans arrived at the trading post how did they acquire slaves?

A

Through negotiations and raids

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16
Q

What were the two ways that the Portuguese acquired slaves in the 16th centaury?

A

A.) They made military alliances with central Africans
B.) Established their own slave trade base

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17
Q

Describe how Angola was conquered?

A

Angola was conquered by the Portuguese military aided by soldiers from the kingdom of Kongo.

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18
Q

Angola is derived from what word?

A

Angola was derived from ngola

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19
Q

Portugal’s conquests throughout Africa was interrupted by _______________.

A

Queen Njinga

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20
Q

Describe how Njinga fought the Portuguese

A

Queen Njinga led her military into battle against the Portuguese every year for two decades with the help of the Dutch

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21
Q

What happened to Njinga’s sisters?

A

Both sisters were taken by the Portuguese, one was killed and the other was returned to her in 1656.

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22
Q

Historians estimate that around ______ million slaves were transported to the Americas.

A

12.5

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23
Q

List three characteristics of a seasoned slave.

A

Adjusting to food, Adjusting to climate, adjusting to disease.

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24
Q

Most slaves were considered seasoned after how long?

A

After 3 years

25
Q

Additional characteristic for a seasoned slave.

A

Made their own culture

26
Q

In the _____________, Europeans made their serious effort to develop a lucrative economy in the New World.

A

Caribbean

27
Q

Initially, what European nation had control or the Caribbean?

A

Spain

28
Q

Describe “breaking in”.

A

Breaking in a slave was done by either placing them with a seasoned slave or separating them.

29
Q

Why was there a 30 percent death rate during the seasoning period?

A

Diseases, climate change, food change, exposure while running away, and flogging

30
Q

By 1800, Mexico had _________ free blacks and __________ slaves.

A

625,000 & 10,000

31
Q

What did runaway slaves do in Guatemala?

A

They bonded together and pushed back Spanish troops with bows and arrows.

32
Q

The largest percentage of blacks relative to white in the Americas was in ____________.

A

New Granada

33
Q

The New Granada was composed of the modern countries of….

A

Venezuela, Panama, Columbia, and Ecuador

34
Q

When did the slave trade accelerate in Brazil?

A

When more slaves were needed to harvest sugar

35
Q

What were the three distinct groups of slaves in Brazil?

A

A.) Urban slaves
B.) Mining slaves
C.) Plantation slaves

36
Q

What was a negros de ganho?

A

Slaves that were sent to town to stand on corners and assist shoppers with packages

37
Q

No law forbade slaves to ___________ in Brazil.

A

Read and write

38
Q

All Brazilian slaves had to be _________ within a year.

A

baptized

39
Q

What caused the enactment of slave codes in the Caribbean?

A

The growing number of blacks over whites

40
Q

What happened to Vincent Oge?

A

They cut off his arms and legs because he opposed Code Noir laws

41
Q

Define Coartacion.

A

allowed slaves to purchase their freedom

42
Q

Describe what happened to Domingos Alvares.

A

He was a voodoo priest who was exiled to Lisbon by the inquisitors and eventually executed.

43
Q

The ________ fastened the slaves ankles for several days.

A

Tronco

44
Q

What was a Cabildos de naciones?

A

An ethnic association that held festivals in the mountains

45
Q

What was a Maroon?

A

Runaway slaves

46
Q

What did Colonel Cudjoe do?

A

He was a Jamaican Maroon who fought against the British

47
Q

What type of warfare was utilized by the enslaved during Tacky’s revolt?

A

African style guerrilla warfare tactics

48
Q

How did Tacky’s revolt end?

A

Britain sent the Royal Navy and the leader of the revolt got captured

49
Q

Who was the Black Messiah?

A

Francois Mackandal

50
Q

What was the name of the device that fastened their arms for days?

A

Libambo

51
Q

The _______ was when a slave was tied face down and beaten for 9 to 13 consecutive days.

A

Novenas/Trezenas

52
Q

What was the response in the Danish islands to the decree issued by the governor of St. Thomas in 1733?

A

Slaves didn’t have enough food so they captured the garrison and killed all the whites they could find

53
Q

Who established the Republic of Palmares?

A

Slaves in Brazil

54
Q

What is candombe?

A

An African form of music from Uruguay.

55
Q

Who started the uprising in Saint Domingue?

A

The Black Messiah/ Francois Mackandal

56
Q

What were ethnic associations that held festivals to maintain African culture?

A

Cabildos

57
Q

Why did they write slave codes in the Caribbean?

A

There were more blacks than whites

58
Q

Who was the voodoo priest exiled by the inquisition?

A

Domingos Alvaras

59
Q

In what year did the Dutch capture Elmina?

A

1637

African American History (3 decks)

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