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Organic Chemistry 1 > Chapter 2: Acids and Bases, Functional Groups > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Acids and Bases, Functional Groups Flashcards

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1
Q

Unit for measuring bond dipole moments?

A

debyes

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2
Q

Dipole moments are due to differences in?

A

Electronegativity

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3
Q

3 kinds of intermolecular forces?

A

London dispersion, hydrogen bonding, and dipole-dipole

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4
Q

What are intermolecular forces?

A

Forces between MOLECULES

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5
Q

What 3 things can intermolecular forces influence?

A

Boiling point, melting point, and solubility of compounds

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6
Q

What kinds of molecules have dipole-dipole interactions?

A

Polar molecules

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7
Q

In dipole-dipole interactions, is attraction or repulsion of the positive and negative ends more common?

A

Attractive

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8
Q

What causes London dispersion forces?

A

Temporary dipoles

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9
Q

What is the main intermolecular force in nonpolar molecules?

A

London dispersion forces

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10
Q

How are the size of an atom and temporary dipoles related?

A

Larger atoms are more polarizable

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11
Q

What is the relationship between surface area and boiling point?

A

Boiling point of a molecule increases as the surface area of the molecule increases

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12
Q

What is the relationship between branching and surface area?

A

Surface area decreases if a molecule has more branching

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13
Q

Organic molecules must have a BLANK bond OR a BLANK bond to form a hydrogen bond?

A

N-H OR O-H

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14
Q

Are hydrogen bonds strong?

A

Yes! They’re a strong kind of dipole-dipole interaction

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15
Q

Is O-H more polar than N-H?

A

Yes

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16
Q

What are Arrhenius Acids?

A

Dissociate in water to form H3O+

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17
Q

What are Arrhenius Bases?

A

Dissociate in water to form OH-

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18
Q

What are Bronsted-Lowry acids?

A

Donate proton

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19
Q

What are Bronsted-Lowry bases?

A

Accept proton

20
Q

What is a conjugate acid?

A

Species that forms when a base accepts a proton

21
Q

What is a conjugate base?

A

Species that forms when an acid donates a proton

22
Q

What does Ka stand for?

A

Acid ionization constant

23
Q

What 2 values can be used to express the extent of an acid’s ionization in water?

A

Ka and pKa

24
Q

Do acid-base reactions favor weaker acids and bases or stronger acids and bases?

A

Weaker acids and bases

25
Q

What kind of arrow is usually (BUT NOT ALWAYS, LIKE IN THE CASE OF THE 6 STRONG ACIDS and 6 STRONG BASES) used for acid-base reactions?

A

Equilibrium area

26
Q

What is the relationship between the strength of an acid and the strength of its conjugate base?

A

Inversely related

27
Q

The weaker the acid, the BLANK the pKa?

A

Larger

28
Q

The weaker the base, the BLANK the pKa?

A

Larger

29
Q

Are weaker acids and weaker bases always on the same side or different side of the equation?

A

Always on the same side; they’re either both reactants or both products

30
Q

What does amphoteric mean?

A

The substance can react with an acid or a base

31
Q

What is a common amphoteric molecule?

A

Water

32
Q

What is the conjugate base of water?

A

OH-

33
Q

What is the conjugate acid of water?

A

H3O+

34
Q

What is the relationship between the electronegativity of an atom on an acid, the stability of the conjugate base of that acid, and that acid’s strength?

A

If the atom is more electronegative, the conjugate base of the acid will be more stable and the acid will be stronger

35
Q

When do you use electronegativities when comparing acid strength?

A

When you are comparing atoms in the same row/period

36
Q

When do you use atomic size when comparing acid strength?

A

When you are comparing atoms in the same group/column

37
Q

What is the relationship between the size of an atom, strength of the acid, and the stability of the conjugate base?

A

As the size of the atom increases, the strength of the acid increases due to increased stability of the conjugate base

38
Q

What do electron-withdrawing atoms and groups do to conjugate bases? What is this called?

A

They stabilize the conjugate base, and this is called an inductive effect

39
Q

What 3 factors does the magnitude of an inductive effect depend on?

A

The distance between the electronegative element and the site of the negative charge, the strength of the electron-drawing group, and the number of electron-withdrawing groups

40
Q

More “s” character in hybridization leads to a more stable BLANK and stronger BLANK

A

More stable conjugate base and therefore stronger acid

41
Q

What is the effect of resonance on acid strength?

A

The more resonance structures possible for the conjugate base, the more delocalized the negative charge is, the more stable the conjugate base, and the stronger the original acid

42
Q

What is a Lewis base/nucleophile?

A

Have available electrons to donate

43
Q

What is a Lewis acid/electrophile?

A

Accepts pair of electrons from nucleophile

44
Q

When breaking a bond, which atom receives the electrons?

A

The more electronegative atom

45
Q

When forming a bond, what is the direction of the arrow?

A

Negative to positive

46
Q

6 types of hydrocarbons?

A

alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, cyclo alkenes, alkynes, aromatic

Organic Chemistry 1 (3 decks)

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