Chapter 1: Structure and Bonding

Question 1

What is the shape of a s orbital?

Answer 1

Sphere

Question 2

What is the shape of a p orbital?

Answer 2

Like an infinity sign with two lobes

Question 3

What is at the center of a p orbital?

Answer 3

A node

Question 4

What are isotopes?

Answer 4

Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

Question 5

What is the mass number?

Answer 5

Sum of protons and neutrons in an atom

Question 6

What are valence electrons?

Answer 6

Electrons in outermost shell of atom

Question 7

What does degenerate mean?

Answer 7

Same energy

Question 8

What does ionic bonding involve?

Answer 8

Transfer of electrons

Question 9

What does covalent bonding involve?

Answer 9

Sharing of electrons?

Question 10

What is a nonpolar covalent bond?

Answer 10

Bond with electrons shared equally between 2 atoms

Question 11

What is a polar covalent bond?

Answer 11

Bond with uneven electron density between 2 atoms

Question 12

What is a dipole moment?

Answer 12

Involves charge separation, where one atom is partially negative and the other is partially positive

Question 13

What periodic trend can be used to predict whether a bond will be polar and the direction of the dipole moment?

Answer 13

Electronegativity

Question 14

Formal charge fast formula?

Answer 14

Should-has

Question 15

With non-equivalent resonance structures, how do you decide which one is the major contributor?

Answer 15

The major contributor is the structure with the least amount of spread out charges; opposite charges should be on atoms that are next to each other.

Question 16

What is delocalization?

Answer 16

Spreading out of charges

Question 17

What is hybridization?

Answer 17

Combining orbitals that belong to the same atom

Question 18

What is an electrophile/Lewis acid?

Answer 18

Accepts electron pair

Question 19

What is a nucleophile/Lewis base?

Answer 19

Donates electron pair

Question 20

What is an isomer?

Answer 20

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangement of atoms

Question 21

What are constitution/structural isomers?

Answer 21

Isomers with the same chemical formula, but the atoms are connected in a different order

Question 22

What are stereoisomers?

Answer 22

Isomers with atoms in the same order but with different orientations

Question 23

What are 2 kinds of stereoisomers?

Answer 23

Cis and trans

Question 24

What is a molecular orbital?

Answer 24

The overlap between the atomic orbitals of 2 DIFFERENT atoms

Question 25

When do cis and trans geometric stereoisomers occur?

Answer 25

When there is a double bond in the compound

Question 26

Can double bonds rotate?

Answer 26

NO

Question 27

Can single bonds rotate?

Answer 27

YES

Question 28

Are bonding molecular orbitals lower or higher in energy than the original atomic orbitals on separate atoms?

Answer 28

Lower

Question 29

Is the antibonding molecular orbital higher or lower in energy than the original atomic orbitals on separate atoms?

Answer 29

Higher

Question 30

What does in-phase overlap mean in regards to molecular orbitals?

Answer 30

Atomic orbitals with the same charge are overlapping to form a bonding molecular orbital

Question 31

What does out of phase overlap mean in regards to molecular orbitals?

Answer 31

Atomic orbitals with opposite charges are overlapping to form an antibonding molecular orbital

Question 32

What are orbitals in an antibonding molecular orbital separated by?

Answer 32

A node

Question 33

3 kinds of overlap that lead to sigma bonds?

Answer 33

s-s, p-p, and s-p

Question 34

What kind of overlap leads to pi bonds?

Answer 34

sideway overlap of parallel p orbitals

Question 35

What is valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory?

Answer 35

A theory that explains the shape of molecules

Question 36

Why are hybridized orbitals lower in energy than atomic orbitals?

Answer 36

Because the electron pairs in hybridized orbitals are farther away from each other and experience less repulsion

Question 37

What is hybridization?

Answer 37

When atomic orbitals in the same atom combine