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Genetics - BI 312 > Chapter 2, achieve homework, notes, vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 2, achieve homework, notes, vocabulary Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define prokaryote

A

Unicellular organism with a relatively simple cell structure

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2
Q

Define eukaryote

A

A compartmentalized cell structure with components bound by intracellular membranes; eukaryotes may be either unicellular or multicellular

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3
Q

Define bacteria

A

A type of prokaryote is also referred to as eubacteria or true bacteria.

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4
Q

Define archaea

A

A type of prokaryote is also referred to as ancient bacteria.

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5
Q

Define nucleus

A

A clear trait separates prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells when a nuclear membrane surrounds the genetic material.

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6
Q

Define histones

A

A special class of proteins that DNA wraps itself around to form chromosomes

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7
Q

Define chromatin

A

The complex of DNA and histone proteins

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8
Q

Define virus

A

Neither prokaryotic or eukaryotic, they are simple structures composed of an outer protein coat surrounding nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA)

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9
Q

Define homologous pair

A

When each chromosome in one set has a corresponding chromosome in the other set, together, they constitute this pair.

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10
Q

Define diploid

A

Cells that carry two sets of genetic information

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11
Q

Define haploid

A

Cells that carry a single set of chromosomes

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12
Q

Define polyploid

A

Cells that carry more than two sets of genetic information

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13
Q

Define centromere

A

A constricted region on the chromosomes, serves as attachment point for spindles

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14
Q

Define telomeres

A

Specific DNA sequences and associated proteins located at the tips of chromosomes

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15
Q

Define the origins of replication.

A

Sites where DNA synthesis begins

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16
Q

Define sister chromatids

A

Two initially identical copies of chromosome replicates

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17
Q

Define cell cycle

A

The series of stages through which a cell passes from one division to the next

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18
Q

Define checkpoints

A

Transition points throughout the cell cycle which allow or prohibit the cell’s progression to the next stage

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19
Q

Define interphase

A

The period between cell divisions in which the cell grows, develops, and functions.

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20
Q

Define M (mitotic) phase

A

The period of active cell division

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21
Q

Define mitosis

A

A part of the M phase, it is the process of nuclear division

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22
Q

Define cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasmic division

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23
Q

Define prophase

A

One of the stages in the M phase, it is when the chromosomes condense

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24
Q

Define condensins

A

A group of proteins that bind to the DNA within chromosomes and bring about condensation

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25
Q

Define prometaphase

A

One of the M (mitosis) phases it is when chromosomes become attached to microtubules from opposite spindle poles.

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26
Q

Define metaphase

A

Part of the M (mitosis) stage, is when chromosomes become arranged in a single plane.

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27
Q

Define anaphase

A

Part of the M (mitosis) stage, it is when chromosomes move toward opposite spindle poles

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28
Q

Define telophase

A

Part of the M (mitosis) stage, it is when the nuclear membrane re-forms around each set of chromosomes

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29
Q

Define meiosis

A

Sexual reproduction that leads to gametes in which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half

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30
Q

Define fertilization

A

When two haploid gametes fuse and restore the number of chromosomes to its original diploid value

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31
Q

Define prophase I

A

A lengthy stage in meiosis I in which the chromosomes form homologous pais and crossing over takes place

32
Q

Define synapsis

A

The pairing of two chromosomes during meiosis

33
Q

Define bivalent / tetrad

A

A homologous pair of synapsed chromosomes consisting of four chromatids

34
Q

Define crossing over

A

Occurs in prophase I when homoelogous chromosomes exchange genetic information

35
Q

Define metaphase I

A

When microtubules attach to opposite sides of chromosomes (to pull them apart)

36
Q

Define anaphase I

A

When the two chromosomes of a homologous pair are pulled toward opposite poles

37
Q

Define telophase I

A

When the chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles and the cytoplasm divides

38
Q

Define interkinesis

A

The period between meiosis I and meiosis II, where the nuclear membrane re-forms around the chromosomes clustered at each pole

39
Q

Define prophase II

A

Chromosomes recondense, spindle re-forms, and nuclear membrane once again breaks down

40
Q

Define metaphase II

A

similar to metaphase of mitosis; the replicated chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate with sister chromatids facing opposite poles

41
Q

Define anaphase II

A

Sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles

42
Q

Define telophase II

A

Chromosomes arrive at the spindle, the nuclear membrane re-forms around chromosomes, and cytoplasm divides,for the second time

43
Q

Define recombination

A

The creation of new combinations of alleles on a chromatid

44
Q

Define cohesion

A

A protein that holds chromatids together

45
Q

Define spermatogenesis

A

The production of gametes in male animals

46
Q

Define spermatogonia

A

Diploid cells are produced by primordial germ cells dividing mitotically

47
Q

Define primary spermatocyte

A

When a spermatogonium initiates meiosis and enters prophase I

48
Q

Define secondary spermatocytes

A

When a primary spermatocyte competes meiosis I. These will then go on into meiosis II

49
Q

Define spermatids

A

When secondary spermatocytes finish meiosis II, they will eventually develop into mature sperm.

50
Q

Define oogenesis

A

The production of gametes in female animals

51
Q

Define oogonia

A

Inside ovaries, the product of diploid primordial germ cells dividing mitotically

52
Q

Define primary oocytes

A

When oogonia enter meiosis I and beging prophase I

53
Q

Define secondary oocyte

A

When primary oocytes completes meiosis I and divides (cytoplasm is not shared equally between the two oocytes)

54
Q

Define first polar body

A

One of the two haploid cells, which is smaller but contains half of the chromosomes and only a little cytoplasm

55
Q

Define ovum

A

When a secondary oocyte completes meiosis II and cytokinesis is unequal, this is the larger cell that acquires most of the cytoplasm; the mature female gamete

56
Q

Define second polar body

A

When a secondary oocyte ocmpletes meisosis II and cytokinesis is unequal, this is the smaller cell

57
Q

What usually occurs to the first polar body and second polar body cells?

A

They usually disintegrate, only the ovum remains as the mature female gamete.

58
Q

How much sperm are made from one “cycle”?

A

4

59
Q

How much ovum are made from one “cycle”?

A

1

60
Q

Define microsporocytes

A

Located in the stamen, they are male diploid reproductive cells

61
Q

Define microspores

A

The product of microsporocytes undergoing meiosis, four of these are produced

62
Q

Define megasporocytes

A

In plant, the female part of the flower, the ovary, contains these diploid cells (female reproduction site)

63
Q

Define megaspores

A

The product of megasporocytes undergoing meiosis produces four of these

64
Q

Categorize the following traits and which category they belong in.

Traits: Relatively small, typically less than 10 um in size; contains DNA; uses ribosome to synthesize proteins; nuclear membrane surrounds DNA; lacks a true cytoskeleton

Category: Prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells, both types of cells

A

Prokaryotic cells: Relatively small, typically less than 10 um in size; lack a true cytoskeleton

Eukaryotic: nuclear membrane surrounds DNA

Both cell types: Contain DNA, use ribosomes to synthesize proteins

65
Q

A cell has circular chormome and histone proteins associated with its DNA, but lacks a nuclear membrane. Choose the domain of the cell with the best justification.

A

The cell belongs to Archaea because it has histone proteins, which are present in Archaea an Eukaryotes but absent in Eubacteria

66
Q

What are the functions of mitotic cell division?

A

Asexual reproduction, cell regeneration, organism growth

67
Q

Organize the phases of the cell cycle in the order of which they occur:

Cell division, G0 phase, G2phase, first stage of interphase, S phase

A

G0 phase, First stage of interphase, S phase, G2 phase, cell division

68
Q

What are checkpoints?

A

Transition points during the cell cycle that ensure all cellular components are function properly

69
Q

What does the G1/S checkpoint do?

A

Maintains cell until necessary enzymes for replication are synthesized

70
Q

What does the G2/M checkpoint do?

A

Detection of DNA damage after replication

71
Q

What does the spindle-assembly checkpoint do?

A

Ensures that cash chromosome is attached to spindle fibers from opposite poles

72
Q

What are the stages of M phase?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

73
Q

Cell division by mitosis is a mechanism of asexual cell replication. Some single-celled organisms reproduce by cell division, and cell division enables multicellular organisms to grow and to repair damaged cells.

What is the product of cell division by mitosis?

A

Two cells genetically identical to the original cell

74
Q

Identify the stages of meiosis.

A
  1. Chromosomes replicate in interphase
  2. Crossing over happens between non-sister chromatids f homologous pairs in prophase I
  3. Homologous pairs of chromosomes line up in metaphase I
  4. Homologous pairs split in anaphase I
  5. Telophase I and cytokinesis form two cells
  6. Spindle fibers reform in prophase II
  7. In metaphase II, duplicated chromosomes line up in the center of the cell
  8. Sister chromatids separate in anaphase II
  9. Telophase II and cytokinesis produce four cells
75
Q

What happens during metaphase I of meiosis?

A

Homologous chromosomes are randomly arranged in the middle of the cell

76
Q

What are the steps of oogenesis in human females?

A
  1. During fetal development, primordial germ cells in the ovaries undergo mitosis to generate diploid oogonia
  2. Diploid oogonia continue mitosis and produce primary oocytes before birth
  3. Primary oocytes are arrested at prophase I until puberty
  4. The completion of meiosis I results in one haploid secondary oocute and one haploid polat body
  5. Secondary oocytes are released into the fallopian tube at ovulation and arrest at metaphase II
  6. If fertilized by a sperm cell, the secondary oocyte will complete meiosis II, generating a fertilized diploid egg and an additional haploid polar body
77
Q
A

Genetics - BI 312 (11 decks)

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