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A&P I - Test 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define matter

A

Matter – anything that takes up space and has mass (weight). It is composed of elements.

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2
Q

What are elements composed of?

A

Elements – composed of chemically identical atoms:

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3
Q

What are three types of elements?

A

• Bulk elements
* Trace elements
• Ultratrace elements

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4
Q

What is the smallest particle of an element?

A

an atom

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5
Q

How are bulk elements required in the body?

A

Bulk elements are required by the body in a large amount

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6
Q

What are examples of bulk elements?

A

Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, and hydrogen

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7
Q

How are trace elements required in the body?

A

required by the body in small amounts

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8
Q

Bulk elements make up about 95% of what?

A

the body (body weight)

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of an atom?

A

smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of an electron?

A

extremely small particle with almost no weight; carries a negative electrical charge and is in constant motion around an atomic nucleus

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of a proton?

A

relatively large atomic particle; carries a positive electrical charge and is found within an atomic nucleus

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of a neutron?

A

particle with about the same weight as a proton; uncharged and thus electrically neutral; found within an atomic nucleus

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of an ion?

A

Particle that is electrically charged because it has gained or lost one or more electrons

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14
Q

What is a molecule?

A

particle formed by the chemical union of two or more atoms

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15
Q

What are atoms composed of?

A

subatomic particles such as; protons, neutrons, and electrons

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16
Q

What are characteristics or an atomic nucleus

A

• Central part of atom
• Electrons move around
*composed of protons and neutrons the nucleus

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17
Q

What defines an element?

A

the number of protons

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18
Q

What are examples of trace elements?

A

Cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, iron, maganeseum, zinc

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19
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

number of protons in the atoms of a particular element

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20
Q

What is the atomic weight of an atom?

A

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons

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21
Q

How do you know the number of neutrons an atom has?

A

Atomic number (protons) minus the atomic weight (protons and neutrons)

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22
Q

What are isotopes?

A

• Atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic weights

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23
Q

What isotopes are radioactive?

A

unstable isotopes meaning they may have unstable atomic nuclei that decompose, releasing energy or pieces of themselves until they reach a stable form.

Ex of elements with radioactive isotopes: O2, iodine, iron, phosphorus, and cobalt

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24
Q

What element often forms isotopes?

A

Oxygen (O16, O17, O18)

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25
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Molecule – particle formed when two or more atoms chemically combine
EX: H2, H2O

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26
Q

What is a compound?

A

Compound – particle formed when two or more atoms of different elements chemically combine

EX: H2O

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27
Q

What is a molecular formula?

A

Molecular formulas – depict the elements
present and the number of each atom present in the molecule

H2 C6H12O6 H2O

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28
Q

What are bonds?

A

links that are formed when atoms combine with other atoms

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29
Q

Where are electrons found?

A

• Electrons of an atom occupy regions of space called electron shells which circle the nucleus

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30
Q

• For atoms with atomic numbers of 18 or less, which rules apply?

A
  • The first shell can hold up to 2 electrons
  • The second shell can hold up to 8 electrons
  • The third shell can hold up to 8 electrons
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31
Q

When is an atom stable?

A

When the outermost shell is full

32
Q

What is the octet rule?

A

Except for the first shell, it takes eight electrons to fill the shells in most of the atoms important in living organisms

33
Q

What does inert mean?

A

an atoms outermost electron shells are filled, meaning they already have a stable structure, so they are chemically inactive.

34
Q

what is an ion?

A

•An electrically charged atom

* an atom that wants to gain or lose electrons to become stable

35
Q

What is a cation?

A
  • A positively charged ion

* Formed when an atom loses electrons

36
Q

What is an anion?

A
  • A negatively charged ion

* Formed when an atom gains electrons

37
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

an attraction between cations & anions

* formed when one atom gives 1 or more electrons completely to another

38
Q

What is the most common bond in the body?

A

Covalent bond

39
Q

How are covalent bonds formed?

A

formed when atoms share electrons

40
Q

What bond is the strongest?

A

covalent bond

41
Q

What do structural formulas show?

A

• Structural formulas show how atoms bond and are arranged in various molecules

42
Q

How do polar molecules occur?

A

• Results when electrons are not shared equally in covalent bonds (if shared equally – nonpolar)

43
Q

What is an important polar molecule?

A

water

44
Q

What are the characteristics of a polar molecule?

A
  • A weak attraction between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule
  • Formed between water molecules
  • Important for protein and nucleic acid structure
45
Q

What causes a chemical reaction?

A

Chemical reactions occur when chemical bonds form or break among atoms, ions, or molecules.

46
Q

What are reactants?

A

Reactants are the starting materials of the reaction -the atoms, ions, or molecules

47
Q

What are products?

A

Products are substances formed at the end of the chemical reaction

48
Q

what is a synthesis reaction?

A

Synthesis Reaction – more complex chemical

structure is formed

49
Q

What is a decomposition reaction?

A

Decomposition Reaction – chemical bonds are broken to form a simpler chemical structure

50
Q

What is an exchange reaction?

A

Exchange Reaction – chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are formed

51
Q

What is a reversible reaction?

A

Reversible Reaction – the products can change back to the reactants

52
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

Electrolytes – substances that release ions in water

53
Q

What is an acid?

A

Acids – electrolytes that dissociate to release hydrogen ions in water

54
Q

What is a base?

A

Bases – substances that release ions that can combine with hydrogen ions

55
Q

What are salts?

A

Salts – electrolytes formed by the reaction between an acid and a base

56
Q

What does a pH scale indicate?

A

the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution

57
Q

What is a neutral pH?

A

Neutral – pH 7; indicates equal concentrations of H+ and OH

58
Q

What is an acidic pH?

A

Acidic – pH less than 7; indicates a

greater concentration of H+

59
Q

What is a basic/ alkaline pH?

A

Basic or alkaline – pH greater than 7; indicates a greater concentration of OH

60
Q

What is a characteristic of an organic molecule?

A

• Usually larger than inorganic molecules
• Dissolve in water and organic liquids
*molecules contain carbon and hydrogen
Ex: proteins, carbs, lipids, fats, nucleic acids

61
Q

What is a characteristic of an inorganic molecule?

A

• Usually smaller than organic molecules
• Usually dissociate in water, forming ions
* don’t contain carbon
* ex: water, oxygen, hydrogen, CO2, inorganic salts

62
Q

What are the characteristics of water?

A

• Most abundant compound in living material
• Two-thirds of the weight of an adult human
• Major component of all body fluids
• Important role in transporting chemicals in the body
• Absorbs and transports heat
* medium for most metabolic reactions

63
Q

What is the molecular formula for glucose?

A

C6 H12 O6+ O2

64
Q

Why is oxygen used by organelles?

A

to release energy from nutrients in order to drive cell’s metabolic activities
*necessary for survival

65
Q

What is carbon dioxide?

A
  • waste produc released during metabolic reactions

* Must be removed from the body

66
Q

What are Inorganic salts?

A
  • Abundant in body fluids

* Sources of necessary ions

67
Q

What are characteristics of carbohydrates?

A
  • Supply materials to build cell structures
  • Contain C, H, and O
  • Ratio of H to O close to 2:1 (C6H12O6
  • Monosaccharides – glucose, fructose
  • Disaccharides – sucrose, lactose
  • Polysaccharides – glycogen, cellulose
68
Q

Characteristics of lipids?

A

• Soluble in organic solvents; insoluble in water

69
Q

What are the characteristics of Fats (triglycerides)

A
  • Used primarily for energy; most common lipid in the body
  • Contain C, H, and O but less O than carbohydrates (C57H110O6
  • Building blocks are 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids per molecule
  • Saturated and unsaturated
70
Q

What are the characteristics of phospholipids?

A
  • Building blocks are 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 phosphate per molecule
  • Hydrophilic and hydrophobic
  • Major component of cell membranes
71
Q

what are the characteristics of staroids?

A
  • Four connected rings of carbon
  • Widely distributed in the body, various functions
  • Component of cell membrane
  • Used to synthesize hormones
72
Q

What are characteristics of proteins?

A
  • Structural material
  • Hormones
  • Receptors
  • Enzymes
  • Antibodies
  • Protein building blocks are amino acids
  • Amino acids held together with peptide bonds
73
Q

What are examples of macronutrients?

A

carbs, lipids, protein

  • these are consmed to provide energy
  • water soluble
74
Q

what is hydrophilic?

A

polar (water loving)

75
Q

What is hydrophobic?

A

non polar ( doesn’t like water

A&P I - Test 1 (3 decks)

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