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A&P I - Test 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anatomy

A

study of structure

Greek – “a cutting up”

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2
Q

Define Physiology

A

study of function

Greek – “relationship to nature”

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3
Q

What are the 10 levels of organization in order?

A

Subatomic particles, atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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4
Q

What are examples of subatomic particles?

A

Protons, Neurons, Electrons

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5
Q

What are atoms made up of?

A

Subatomic particles. (Protons and Neurons make up the nucleus and electrons are around the electron shell)

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6
Q

What are molecules?

A

2 or more atoms joined together

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7
Q

What are examples molecules?

A

Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Chlorine (Cl), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), and Glucose (C6H12O6)

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8
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

small molecules joined together

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9
Q

What are examples of macromolecules?

A

DNA and proteins

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10
Q

What is the function of DNA

A

responsible for storing genetic information that is used to control almost every aspect of cellular expression.

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11
Q

What are examples of organelles?

A

Mitochondria, Nucleus, Golgi Apparatus, etc.

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12
Q

What is the Basic structural and
functional unit of the
body

A

The Cell

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13
Q

What makes up the cell?

A

Organelles

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14
Q

What is tissue?

A

A Group of cells
working together to
perform a function

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15
Q

What are the 4 basic types of tissue?

A

– epithelial (epi)
– connective tissue (CT)
– muscle (mm)
– nerve (n)

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16
Q

What is an organ?

A

2 or more tissues
joined together with a
specific function and
shape

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17
Q

What is an organ system? How many organ systems are there in the human body?

A

• Related organs with a
common function
* 11

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18
Q

What are the components of the integumentary system?

A

-skin
– hair
– glands

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19
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A 
– protection
– regulates body 
temperature
– eliminates waste
– vitamin D
– sensations
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20
Q

What are the components of the skeletal system?

A

– Bones
– Joints
– Cartilage

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21
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A 
– Support
– Protection
– Body movement
– Produces blood cells
– Stores minerals & fats
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22
Q

What are the components of the muscular system?

A

skeletal muscles

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23
Q

What are the functions of the muscular system?

A

– body movement
– posture
– generates heat

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24
Q

What are the components of the nervous system?

A

– brain
– spinal cord
– nerves
– special sense organs

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25
Q

What are the function of the nervous system?

A 
– action potentials 
(nerve impulses)
– detects, interprets, and 
responds to changes 
in environment
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26
Q

What are the components of the endocrine system?

A

hormone-producing

glands and cells

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27
Q

What are the functions of the endocrine system?

A

– regulates body

activities

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28
Q

What are the components of the cardiovascular system?

A

– blood
– heart
– blood vessels

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29
Q

What are the function of the cardiovascular system

A 
– pumps blood
– carries O2 and nutrients to 
cells and wastes away
– regulates temperature, 
acid-base balance, and 
H2O
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30
Q

What are the components of the lymphatic system?

A 
– lymph fluid & vessels
– spleen
– thymus
– lymph nodes
– tonsils
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31
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

– transports dietary
lipids
– protection

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32
Q

What are the components of the respiratory system?

A 
– lungs
– pharynx
– larynx
– trachea
– bronchial tree
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33
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

– exchange of gases
– acid-base balance
– sound production
* breath in oxygen and release carbon dioxide (waste)

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34
Q

What are the components of the digestive system?

A 
– mouth
– pharynx
– esophagus
– stomach
– small intestines
– large intestines
– salivary glands
– liver
– gallbladder
– pancreas
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35
Q

What are the functions of the digestive system?

A

– breakdown of food
– absorption of food
– eliminates wastes

36
Q

What are the components of the urinary system?

A

– kidneys
– ureters
– urinary bladder
– urethra

37
Q

What are functions of the urinary system?

A

– eliminates waste
– regulates blood
composition & volume
– acid-base balance

38
Q

What are the components of the reproductive system?

A

ovaries
– testes
– associated structures

39
Q

What are the functions of the reproductive system?

A

-produce gametes (reproductive celles: sperm/egg)
– hormone regulation of
reproduction

40
Q

What are the 10 characteristics of life?

A
  • movement
  • responsiveness
  • growth
  • reproduction
  • respiration
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • circulation
  • assimilation
  • excretion
41
Q

What is movement?

A

– change in position; motion

42
Q

What is responsiveness?

A

– reaction to a change

43
Q

What is growth?

A

– increase in body size; no change in shape

44
Q

What is reproduction?

A

– production of new organisms and new cells

45
Q

What is respiration?

A

-obtaining oxygen; removing carbon

dioxide; releasing energy from foods

46
Q

What is digestion?

A

breakdown of food substances into

simpler forms

47
Q

What is absorption?

A

passage of substances through membranes

and into body fluid

48
Q

What is circulation?

A

movement of substances in body fluids

49
Q

What is assimilation?

Give an example

A

changing of absorbed substances
into chemically different forms

  • C6H12O6—–> CO2+ H2O
50
Q

What is excretion?

A

removal of wastes produced by metabolic

reactions

51
Q

What 5 environmental factors does life depend on?

A
  • Water
  • Food
  • Oxygen
  • Heat
  • Pressure
52
Q

Why is water required for an organism?

A
  • required for metabolic processes
  • required for transport of substances
  • regulates body temperature
  • most abundant source in the body
53
Q

Why is food required for an organism?

A
  • provides necessary nutrients
  • supplies raw materials
  • supplies energy
54
Q

Why is Oxygen required for an organism?

A
  • one-fifth of air
  • used to release energy from nutrients
    ex=photosynthesis (co2+h2o—-> c6h12o6+ o2
55
Q

Why is heat required for an organism?

A
  • form of energy

- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions

56
Q

Why is pressure required for an organism?

A
  • application of force on an object
  • atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
    Ex: hydrostatic pressure ( heart pumping, BP)
57
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintaining of a stable internal environment

58
Q

Homeostasis is a dynamic process. What does this mean?

A

Its always changing but it is constant

59
Q

Homeostasis involves maintaining the…

A 
volume and 
composition of body 
fluids
– intracellular (ICF)
– extracellular (ECF)
60
Q

What are the components of the control mechanism of homeostasis?

A
  • receptor
  • control center
  • effector
61
Q

What does the receptor do?

A
  • monitors changes

- input to control center

62
Q

What does the control center do?

A

evaluates input and

generates output

63
Q

What does the effector do?

A
  • receives output from control center

- produces response

64
Q

homeostatic control mechanisms are continually disrupted by..?

A

internal and external environments

65
Q

homeostatic balance is regulated by what to organ systems?

A

Nervous and Endocrine

66
Q

How does the nervous system regulate homeostatic balance?

A

-action potentials ( fast)

67
Q

How does the endocrine system regulate homeostatic balance?

A
  • hormones ( peptides, proteins)

- slow (1-2 days)

68
Q

Which of the 2 feedback mechanisms is most common?

A

Negative feedback mechanism

69
Q

What does negative feedback prevent and reduce?

A

• Prevents sudden, severe changes in
the body
• Reduces the actions of the effectors

70
Q

What does negative feedback cause?

A

Causes opposite of bodily disruption to

occur, i.e. the ‘negative

71
Q

What does negative feedback limit?

A

Limits chaos in the body by creating

stability

72
Q

What are examples of negative feedback?

A

Examples: body temperature, blood

pressure & glucose regulation

73
Q

What does positive feedback increase and produce?

A

•Increases (accelerates) the actions of
the body
•Produces more chaos in the body

74
Q

Are positive feedback mechanisms short-lived?

A

• Positive feedback mechanisms are

short-lived

75
Q

Positive feedback controls?

A

Controls only infrequent events that do

not require continuous adjustments

76
Q

What are examples of positive feedback?

A

•Examples: blood clotting and child birth

77
Q

Whats the difference between visceral and parietal layers?

A

visceral layer covers organ and parietal layer lines cavity or body wall

78
Q

What are the thoracic membranes?

A
  • Visceral pleura
  • Parietal pleura
  • Visceral pericardium
  • Parietal pericardium
79
Q

What are the Abdominopelvic Membranes?

A
  • Parietal peritoneum

* Visceral peritoneum

80
Q

Describe the anatomical position.

A

– standing
erect, facing forward, upper
limbs at the sides, palms facing
forward and thumbs out

81
Q

What are the terms of relative position?

A 
• Superior versus Inferior
•Anterior versus Posterior
• Medial versus Lateral
• Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral
• Proximal versus Distal (only in the 
extremities)
• Superficial versus Deep
82
Q

What does the sagittal or median plane/ section do?

A

Sagittal or Median – divides body into left and right portions

83
Q

What does a mid-sagittal section or plane mean?

A

• Mid-sagittal – divides body into equal left and right portions

84
Q

How does a coronal / frontal section divide the body?

A

divides body into anterior and posterior

portions

85
Q

Describe a cross section on a bone

A

divided into a top and bottom half

86
Q

describe an oblique section on a bone

A

sectioned diagonally into a top and bottom

87
Q

describe a longitudinal section on a bone

A

divided into an equal left and right portion

A&P I - Test 1 (3 decks)

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