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A&P I - Test 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anatomy

A

study of structure

Greek – “a cutting up”

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2
Q

Define Physiology

A

study of function

Greek – “relationship to nature”

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3
Q

What are the 10 levels of organization in order?

A

Subatomic particles, atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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4
Q

What are examples of subatomic particles?

A

Protons, Neurons, Electrons

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5
Q

What are atoms made up of?

A

Subatomic particles. (Protons and Neurons make up the nucleus and electrons are around the electron shell)

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6
Q

What are molecules?

A

2 or more atoms joined together

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7
Q

What are examples molecules?

A

Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Chlorine (Cl), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), and Glucose (C6H12O6)

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8
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

small molecules joined together

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9
Q

What are examples of macromolecules?

A

DNA and proteins

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10
Q

What is the function of DNA

A

responsible for storing genetic information that is used to control almost every aspect of cellular expression.

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11
Q

What are examples of organelles?

A

Mitochondria, Nucleus, Golgi Apparatus, etc.

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12
Q

What is the Basic structural and
functional unit of the
body

A

The Cell

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13
Q

What makes up the cell?

A

Organelles

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14
Q

What is tissue?

A

A Group of cells
working together to
perform a function

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15
Q

What are the 4 basic types of tissue?

A

– epithelial (epi)
– connective tissue (CT)
– muscle (mm)
– nerve (n)

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16
Q

What is an organ?

A

2 or more tissues
joined together with a
specific function and
shape

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17
Q

What is an organ system? How many organ systems are there in the human body?

A

• Related organs with a
common function
* 11

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18
Q

What are the components of the integumentary system?

A

-skin
– hair
– glands

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19
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A 
– protection
– regulates body 
temperature
– eliminates waste
– vitamin D
– sensations
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20
Q

What are the components of the skeletal system?

A

– Bones
– Joints
– Cartilage

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21
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A 
– Support
– Protection
– Body movement
– Produces blood cells
– Stores minerals & fats
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22
Q

What are the components of the muscular system?

A

skeletal muscles

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23
Q

What are the functions of the muscular system?

A

– body movement
– posture
– generates heat

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24
Q

What are the components of the nervous system?

A

– brain
– spinal cord
– nerves
– special sense organs

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25
What are the function of the nervous system?
``` – action potentials (nerve impulses) – detects, interprets, and responds to changes in environment ```
26
What are the components of the endocrine system?
hormone-producing | glands and cells
27
What are the functions of the endocrine system?
– regulates body | activities
28
What are the components of the cardiovascular system?
– blood – heart – blood vessels
29
What are the function of the cardiovascular system
``` – pumps blood – carries O2 and nutrients to cells and wastes away – regulates temperature, acid-base balance, and H2O ```
30
What are the components of the lymphatic system?
``` – lymph fluid & vessels – spleen – thymus – lymph nodes – tonsils ```
31
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
– transports dietary lipids – protection
32
What are the components of the respiratory system?
``` – lungs – pharynx – larynx – trachea – bronchial tree ```
33
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
– exchange of gases – acid-base balance – sound production * breath in oxygen and release carbon dioxide (waste)
34
What are the components of the digestive system?
``` – mouth – pharynx – esophagus – stomach – small intestines – large intestines – salivary glands – liver – gallbladder – pancreas ```
35
What are the functions of the digestive system?
– breakdown of food – absorption of food – eliminates wastes
36
What are the components of the urinary system?
– kidneys – ureters – urinary bladder – urethra
37
What are functions of the urinary system?
– eliminates waste – regulates blood composition & volume – acid-base balance
38
What are the components of the reproductive system?
ovaries – testes – associated structures
39
What are the functions of the reproductive system?
-produce gametes (reproductive celles: sperm/egg) – hormone regulation of reproduction
40
What are the 10 characteristics of life?
- movement - responsiveness - growth - reproduction - respiration - digestion - absorption - circulation - assimilation - excretion
41
What is movement?
– change in position; motion
42
What is responsiveness?
– reaction to a change
43
What is growth?
– increase in body size; no change in shape
44
What is reproduction?
– production of new organisms and new cells
45
What is respiration?
-obtaining oxygen; removing carbon | dioxide; releasing energy from foods
46
What is digestion?
breakdown of food substances into | simpler forms
47
What is absorption?
passage of substances through membranes | and into body fluid
48
What is circulation?
movement of substances in body fluids
49
What is assimilation? | Give an example
changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms * C6H12O6-----> CO2+ H2O
50
What is excretion?
removal of wastes produced by metabolic | reactions
51
What 5 environmental factors does life depend on?
* Water * Food * Oxygen * Heat * Pressure
52
Why is water required for an organism?
- required for metabolic processes - required for transport of substances - regulates body temperature * most abundant source in the body
53
Why is food required for an organism?
- provides necessary nutrients - supplies raw materials - supplies energy
54
Why is Oxygen required for an organism?
- one-fifth of air - used to release energy from nutrients ex=photosynthesis (co2+h2o----> c6h12o6+ o2
55
Why is heat required for an organism?
- form of energy | - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
56
Why is pressure required for an organism?
- application of force on an object - atmospheric pressure – important for breathing Ex: hydrostatic pressure ( heart pumping, BP)
57
What is homeostasis?
Maintaining of a stable internal environment
58
Homeostasis is a dynamic process. What does this mean?
Its always changing but it is constant
59
Homeostasis involves maintaining the...
``` volume and composition of body fluids – intracellular (ICF) – extracellular (ECF) ```
60
What are the components of the control mechanism of homeostasis?
- receptor - control center - effector
61
What does the receptor do?
- monitors changes | - input to control center
62
What does the control center do?
evaluates input and | generates output
63
What does the effector do?
- receives output from control center | - produces response
64
homeostatic control mechanisms are continually disrupted by..?
internal and external environments
65
homeostatic balance is regulated by what to organ systems?
Nervous and Endocrine
66
How does the nervous system regulate homeostatic balance?
-action potentials ( fast)
67
How does the endocrine system regulate homeostatic balance?
- hormones ( peptides, proteins) | - slow (1-2 days)
68
Which of the 2 feedback mechanisms is most common?
Negative feedback mechanism
69
What does negative feedback prevent and reduce?
• Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body • Reduces the actions of the effectors
70
What does negative feedback cause?
Causes opposite of bodily disruption to | occur, i.e. the ‘negative
71
What does negative feedback limit?
Limits chaos in the body by creating | stability
72
What are examples of negative feedback?
Examples: body temperature, blood | pressure & glucose regulation
73
What does positive feedback increase and produce?
•Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body •Produces more chaos in the body
74
Are positive feedback mechanisms short-lived?
• Positive feedback mechanisms are | short-lived
75
Positive feedback controls?
Controls only infrequent events that do | not require continuous adjustments
76
What are examples of positive feedback?
•Examples: blood clotting and child birth
77
Whats the difference between visceral and parietal layers?
visceral layer covers organ and parietal layer lines cavity or body wall
78
What are the thoracic membranes?
* Visceral pleura * Parietal pleura * Visceral pericardium * Parietal pericardium
79
What are the Abdominopelvic Membranes?
* Parietal peritoneum | * Visceral peritoneum
80
Describe the anatomical position.
– standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out
81
What are the terms of relative position?
``` • Superior versus Inferior •Anterior versus Posterior • Medial versus Lateral • Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral • Proximal versus Distal (only in the extremities) • Superficial versus Deep ```
82
What does the sagittal or median plane/ section do?
Sagittal or Median – divides body into left and right portions
83
What does a mid-sagittal section or plane mean?
• Mid-sagittal – divides body into equal left and right portions
84
How does a coronal / frontal section divide the body?
divides body into anterior and posterior | portions
85
Describe a cross section on a bone
divided into a top and bottom half
86
describe an oblique section on a bone
sectioned diagonally into a top and bottom
87
describe a longitudinal section on a bone
divided into an equal left and right portion

A&P I - Test 1 (3 decks)

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