Chapter 1 Flashcards
Define Anatomy
study of structure
Greek – “a cutting up”
Define Physiology
study of function
Greek – “relationship to nature”
What are the 10 levels of organization in order?
Subatomic particles, atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
What are examples of subatomic particles?
Protons, Neurons, Electrons
What are atoms made up of?
Subatomic particles. (Protons and Neurons make up the nucleus and electrons are around the electron shell)
What are molecules?
2 or more atoms joined together
What are examples molecules?
Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Chlorine (Cl), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), and Glucose (C6H12O6)
What is a macromolecule?
small molecules joined together
What are examples of macromolecules?
DNA and proteins
What is the function of DNA
responsible for storing genetic information that is used to control almost every aspect of cellular expression.
What are examples of organelles?
Mitochondria, Nucleus, Golgi Apparatus, etc.
What is the Basic structural and
functional unit of the
body
The Cell
What makes up the cell?
Organelles
What is tissue?
A Group of cells
working together to
perform a function
What are the 4 basic types of tissue?
– epithelial (epi)
– connective tissue (CT)
– muscle (mm)
– nerve (n)
What is an organ?
2 or more tissues
joined together with a
specific function and
shape
What is an organ system? How many organ systems are there in the human body?
• Related organs with a
common function
* 11
What are the components of the integumentary system?
-skin
– hair
– glands
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
– protection – regulates body temperature – eliminates waste – vitamin D – sensations
What are the components of the skeletal system?
– Bones
– Joints
– Cartilage
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
– Support – Protection – Body movement – Produces blood cells – Stores minerals & fats
What are the components of the muscular system?
skeletal muscles
What are the functions of the muscular system?
– body movement
– posture
– generates heat
What are the components of the nervous system?
– brain
– spinal cord
– nerves
– special sense organs
What are the function of the nervous system?
– action potentials (nerve impulses) – detects, interprets, and responds to changes in environment
What are the components of the endocrine system?
hormone-producing
glands and cells
What are the functions of the endocrine system?
– regulates body
activities
What are the components of the cardiovascular system?
– blood
– heart
– blood vessels
What are the function of the cardiovascular system
– pumps blood – carries O2 and nutrients to cells and wastes away – regulates temperature, acid-base balance, and H2O
What are the components of the lymphatic system?
– lymph fluid & vessels – spleen – thymus – lymph nodes – tonsils
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
– transports dietary
lipids
– protection
What are the components of the respiratory system?
– lungs – pharynx – larynx – trachea – bronchial tree
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
– exchange of gases
– acid-base balance
– sound production
* breath in oxygen and release carbon dioxide (waste)
What are the components of the digestive system?
– mouth – pharynx – esophagus – stomach – small intestines – large intestines – salivary glands – liver – gallbladder – pancreas
What are the functions of the digestive system?
– breakdown of food
– absorption of food
– eliminates wastes
What are the components of the urinary system?
– kidneys
– ureters
– urinary bladder
– urethra
What are functions of the urinary system?
– eliminates waste
– regulates blood
composition & volume
– acid-base balance
What are the components of the reproductive system?
ovaries
– testes
– associated structures
What are the functions of the reproductive system?
-produce gametes (reproductive celles: sperm/egg)
– hormone regulation of
reproduction
What are the 10 characteristics of life?
- movement
- responsiveness
- growth
- reproduction
- respiration
- digestion
- absorption
- circulation
- assimilation
- excretion
What is movement?
– change in position; motion
What is responsiveness?
– reaction to a change
What is growth?
– increase in body size; no change in shape
What is reproduction?
– production of new organisms and new cells
What is respiration?
-obtaining oxygen; removing carbon
dioxide; releasing energy from foods
What is digestion?
breakdown of food substances into
simpler forms
What is absorption?
passage of substances through membranes
and into body fluid
What is circulation?
movement of substances in body fluids
What is assimilation?
Give an example
changing of absorbed substances
into chemically different forms
- C6H12O6—–> CO2+ H2O
What is excretion?
removal of wastes produced by metabolic
reactions
What 5 environmental factors does life depend on?
- Water
- Food
- Oxygen
- Heat
- Pressure
Why is water required for an organism?
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport of substances
- regulates body temperature
- most abundant source in the body
Why is food required for an organism?
- provides necessary nutrients
- supplies raw materials
- supplies energy
Why is Oxygen required for an organism?
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
ex=photosynthesis (co2+h2o—-> c6h12o6+ o2
Why is heat required for an organism?
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
Why is pressure required for an organism?
- application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
Ex: hydrostatic pressure ( heart pumping, BP)
What is homeostasis?
Maintaining of a stable internal environment
Homeostasis is a dynamic process. What does this mean?
Its always changing but it is constant
Homeostasis involves maintaining the…
volume and composition of body fluids – intracellular (ICF) – extracellular (ECF)
What are the components of the control mechanism of homeostasis?
- receptor
- control center
- effector
What does the receptor do?
- monitors changes
- input to control center
What does the control center do?
evaluates input and
generates output
What does the effector do?
- receives output from control center
- produces response
homeostatic control mechanisms are continually disrupted by..?
internal and external environments
homeostatic balance is regulated by what to organ systems?
Nervous and Endocrine
How does the nervous system regulate homeostatic balance?
-action potentials ( fast)
How does the endocrine system regulate homeostatic balance?
- hormones ( peptides, proteins)
- slow (1-2 days)
Which of the 2 feedback mechanisms is most common?
Negative feedback mechanism
What does negative feedback prevent and reduce?
• Prevents sudden, severe changes in
the body
• Reduces the actions of the effectors
What does negative feedback cause?
Causes opposite of bodily disruption to
occur, i.e. the ‘negative
What does negative feedback limit?
Limits chaos in the body by creating
stability
What are examples of negative feedback?
Examples: body temperature, blood
pressure & glucose regulation
What does positive feedback increase and produce?
•Increases (accelerates) the actions of
the body
•Produces more chaos in the body
Are positive feedback mechanisms short-lived?
• Positive feedback mechanisms are
short-lived
Positive feedback controls?
Controls only infrequent events that do
not require continuous adjustments
What are examples of positive feedback?
•Examples: blood clotting and child birth
Whats the difference between visceral and parietal layers?
visceral layer covers organ and parietal layer lines cavity or body wall
What are the thoracic membranes?
- Visceral pleura
- Parietal pleura
- Visceral pericardium
- Parietal pericardium
What are the Abdominopelvic Membranes?
- Parietal peritoneum
* Visceral peritoneum
Describe the anatomical position.
– standing
erect, facing forward, upper
limbs at the sides, palms facing
forward and thumbs out
What are the terms of relative position?
• Superior versus Inferior •Anterior versus Posterior • Medial versus Lateral • Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral • Proximal versus Distal (only in the extremities) • Superficial versus Deep
What does the sagittal or median plane/ section do?
Sagittal or Median – divides body into left and right portions
What does a mid-sagittal section or plane mean?
• Mid-sagittal – divides body into equal left and right portions
How does a coronal / frontal section divide the body?
divides body into anterior and posterior
portions
Describe a cross section on a bone
divided into a top and bottom half
describe an oblique section on a bone
sectioned diagonally into a top and bottom
describe a longitudinal section on a bone
divided into an equal left and right portion
