Chapter 2

Question 1

The composite set of behaviors controlled by a particular reinforcing or punishing event

Answer 1

Operant Class (Response Class)

Question 2

A phrase used to describe the interdependency among antecedents, behavior and consequences: A-B-C’s.

Answer 2

Three -Term Contingency

Question 3

A specific or combination of physical objects or events, (stimuli), which affect the behavior of an individual.

Answer 3

Stimulus

Question 4

A group of antecedent stimuli that have a common effect on an operant class.

Answer 4

Stimulus Class

Question 5

The stimulus component of an unconditioned reflex; a stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior without any prior learning.

Answer 5

Unconditioned Stimuli

Question 6

The stimulus component of a conditioned reflex; a formerly neutral stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior only after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 6

Conditioned Stimuli

Question 7

is said to take place when a neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US), producing, thereby, an UR. As those pairings continue, the formerly neutral stimulus gradually gains the eliciting properties of the US, eventually evolving into a conditioned stimulus (CS) capable of eliciting a response almost identical to the UR, the conditioned response (CR).

Answer 7

Respondent Conditioning (Classical Conditioning)

Question 8

a behavior that is modifiable by its consequences. When behavior is modified by its consequences, the probability of that behavior occurring again may either increase (in the case of reinforcement) or decrease (in the case of punishment).

Answer 8

Operant Responses

Question 9

A response followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus change that results in similar responses occurring more often.

Answer 9

Positive Reinforcement

Question 10

A behavior has been negatively reinforced if it increases or is maintained as a function of the contingent removal or reduction of a stimulus.

Answer 10

Negative Reinforcement

Question 11

An event in which a stimulus (typically unpleasant) occurs contingent on a response, resulting in a decrease in the future probability of that response.

Answer 11

Positive Punishment

Question 12

The removal or reduction of positive reinforcers as a consequence of a response, resulting in the reduction in the rate of that response.

Answer 12

Negative Punishment

Question 13

diminished rate (or eventual total absence) of a behavior, resulting from the discontinuation of reinforcement contingent on a particular target behavior.

Answer 13

Extinction

Question 14

A form of tight stimulus control in which responding is restricted to certain stimulus situations: those in which the response has been reinforced, and not to those in which it has not been reinforced.

Answer 14

Discriminative Stimulus

Question 15

antecedent events that (a) change the value of the consequence, or, (b) along with the immediate discriminative stimulus (SD ), may alter the behavior. The value altering effect consists of either (a) an increase in the reinforcing or punitive effectiveness of some stimulus, or (b) a decrease in reinforcing or punitive effectiveness.

Answer 15

Motivating Operations