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PSY353 Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

alternate-form reliability

A

the relationship between scores achieved by people when they compete two versions of a test that are judged equivalent.

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2
Q

behavioural assessment

A

a sampling of ongoing cognitions, feelings and overt behaviour in their situational context.

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3
Q

BOLD (Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent)

A

the signal detected by functional MRI sutdies of the brain; measures blood flow and thus neural activity in particular regions.

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4
Q

Case conceptualisation

A

a process of integrating a patient’s assessment information with theory and research.

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5
Q

Categorical classification

A

an approach to assessment in which a person is or is not a member of a discrete group.

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6
Q

Clinical interview

A

general term for conversation between a clinician and a patient that is aimed at determining diagnosis, history, cause of problems and possible treatment options.

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7
Q

Comorbidity

A

the co-occurrence of two disorders, as when a person has depression and social phobia.

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8
Q

Concurrent validity

A

the extent to which previously undiscovered features are found among patients with the same diagnosis.

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9
Q

Construct validity

A

the extent to which scores or ratings on an assessment instrument relate to other variables or behaviours according to some theory or hypothesis.

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10
Q

Content validity

A

the extent to which a measure adequately samples the domain of interest.

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11
Q

Criterion validity

A

the extent to which a measure is associated in an expected way with some other measure.

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12
Q

CT or CAT scan

A

refers to computerised axial tomography, a method of diagnosis in which x-rays are taken from different angles and then analysed by a computer to produce a representation of the part of the body in cross-section.

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13
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Medical Disorders (DSM)

A

The manual of clinical syndromes published by the American Psychiatric Association and used for descriptive diagnosis.

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14
Q

Dimensional diagnostic system

A

an approach to classifying mental disorders that involves considering symptoms, behaviours and characteristics on a continuum, rather than assigning them to a category.

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15
Q

Ecological momentary assessment (EMA)

A

form of self-observation involving collection of data in real time (e.g. diaries) regarding thoughts, moods and stressors.

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16
Q

Electrocardiogram (EKG) a

A

recording of the electrical activity of the heart, made with an electrocardiograph

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17
Q

electrodermal responding

A

a recording of the minute electrical activity of the sweat glands on the skin, allowing inference of an emotional state.

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18
Q

electroencaphalography

A

a recording of electrical activity of the brain, usually of the cerebral cortex, but sometimes the lower areas.

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19
Q

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

modification of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that allows researchers to take pictures of the brain so quickly that metabolic changes can be measured, resulting in a picture of the brain at work rather than structures alone.

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20
Q

internal consistency reliability

A

the degree to which different items of an assessment are related to one another.

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21
Q

interrater reliability

A

the relationship between the judgements of at least two raters make independently about a phenomenon.

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22
Q

metabolite

A

a chemical breakdown product of an endogenous molecule, such as a neurotransmitter, or of an exogenous drug; used to gauge current or recent level of its precursor.

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23
Q

Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

a lengthy personality inventory that identifies individuals with states such as anxiety, depression, masculinity-femininity and paranoia, through their true-false replies to groups of statements.

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24
Q

neuropsychological tests

A

psychological tests, such as the Luria-Nebraska, which can detect impairment in different parts of the brain.

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25
Q

Predictive validity

A

the extent to which predictions can be made about the future behaviour of patients with the same diagnosis.

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26
Q

Projective hypothesis

A

the notion that standard but highly unstructured stimuli, as found in the Rorschach assessment’s series of inkblots, are necessary to bypass defences in order to reveal unconscious motives and conflicts.

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27
Q

Projective test

A

a psychological assessment device, such as the Rorschach series inkblots, employing a set of standard but vague stimuli, on the assumption that unstructured material will allow unconscious motivations and fears to be uncovered.

28
Q

Reliability

A

the extent to which a test, measurement or classification system produces the same scientific observation each time it is applied.

29
Q

Rorschach Inkblot Test

A

a projective test in which the examinee is instructed to interpret a series of 10 inkblots reproduced on cards.

30
Q

test-retest reliability

A

the relationship between the scores that a person achieves when he or she takes the same test twice.

31
Q

validity

A

in research, includes internal, the extent to which results can be confidently attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable, and external, the extent to which results can be generalised to other populations and settings. Validity as applied to psychiatric diagnosis includes concurrent, the extent to which previously undiscovered features are found among patients with the same diagnosis, and predictive, the extent to which predictions can be made about the future behaviour of patients with the same diagnosis. Validity as applied to psychological and psychiatric measures includes content validity, the extent to which a measure adequately samples the domain of interest, and criterion, the extent to which a measure is associated in an expected way with some other measure (the criterion).

32
Q

Taking the same test twice is called————Reliability.

A

Test-Retest

33
Q

———- reliability uses two forms of a test rather than giving the same test twice.

A

Alternate-form

34
Q

———- assesses whether the items on a test are related to one another

A

Internal consistency reliability

35
Q

Whether a measure adequately samples the domain of interest is called ——— validity.

A

Content

36
Q

Criterion validity can be assessed by evaluating the ability of the measure to predict some other variable that is measured at some point in the future is called ————- .

A

Predictive validity.

37
Q

Criterion validity is evaluated by determining whether a measure is associated in an expected way with some other measure. If both variables are measured at the same point in time, the resulting validity is referred to as:

A

Concurrent validity

38
Q

_________ validity is relevant when we want to interpret a test as a measure of some characteristic or construct that is not observed simply or overtly

A

Construct

39
Q

In ________, the _________ published its first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)

A

1952, APA

40
Q

Which of the following is not correct:

A

A. The DSM-5 uses three axes.
B. The DSM-5 uses the five axes of DSM-IV-TR
C. The DSM-5 does not use the five axes of the DSM-IV-TR
D. In the DSM-5 the first axes is psychiatric and medical diagnosis
E. The DSM-5 has axes which include psychosocial and contextual factors (ICD-10 Z codes) and disability.

41
Q

The DSM-5 was released in:

A

2013

42
Q

Which of the following is a cultural concept of distress

A

a. Hikikomori (withdrawal).
b. Ataque de nervios.
c. Amok
d. Dhat syndrome
e. Ghost sickness
f. All of the above.

43
Q

A therapist must be mindful of the role of _________ differences in the ways in which people describe their problems.

A

Cultural

44
Q

The presence of a second diagnosis is called ___________.

A

Comorbidity

45
Q

_____________ is the new classification system that is based on neuroscience and genetic data rather than just clinical symptoms.

A

RDoC. (Research Domain Criteria)

46
Q

An approach to assessment in which a person is or is not a member of a discreet grouping is called __________.

A

Categorical classification

47
Q

Psychological assessment methods are often used to __________.

A

A. Make a diagnosis
B. Identify appropriate therapeutic interventions
C. Monitoring the effects of treatment over time
D. Conducting research on the causes of disorder
E. All of the above.

48
Q

One way in which a ____________ is different from a casual conversation is the attention the interviewer pays to how the respondent answers questions - or does not answer them.

A

Clinical interview

49
Q

A _________ sets out questions in a prescribed fashion for the interviewer.

A

Structured interview

50
Q

____________ can be conceptualised as the subjective experience of distress in response to perceived environmental problems.

A

Stress

51
Q

The LEDS focuses on ______ stressors.

A

major

52
Q

In a _______, the person is asked to complete a self-report questionnaire indicating whether statements assessing habitual tendencies apply to him or her.

A

Personal inventory

53
Q

The Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory was developed in ______ by _________ .

A

1943; Hathaway and McKinley.

54
Q

Which of the following is NOT relevant to projective tests.

A

A. The use a set of standard stimuli
B. The stimuli materials are unstructured and ambiguous
C. The stimulus material elicit a conscious response.
D. The person’s responses are determined primarily by unconscious processes.
E. Unconscious processes reveal the person’s true attitudes, motivations and modes of behaviour.

55
Q

Which of the following are types of intelligence tests?

A 
A. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
B. The Stanford-Binet test
C. Thematic Appreciation Test
      D. (A) and (B)
E. (A), (B) and (C)
56
Q

Observing and tracking one’s own behaviour is called _______ .

A

Self-monitoring

57
Q

________ scans and tests reveal the structure of the brain.

A 
A. CT
B. MRI
C. PET
D. fMRI
     E. All fo the above.
58
Q

Which of the following are relevant to neuropsychological assessment?

A

a. Deficits on particular tests help point to an area of possible brain dysfunction.
b. They assess abilities such as motor speed, memory and spatial ability.
c. They assess intellectual functioning.
d. (a) and (b).
e. (a), (b) and (c).

59
Q

Which of the following is NOT a neuropsychological test? Hi

A 
A. The Halstead-Reitan Test
B. The Luria-Nebraska battery
C. Bender-Gestalt test.
D. Tower of London test.
      E. Draw-a-person test.
60
Q

Which assessment reveals electrical activity in the autonomic nervous system?

A 
A. Brain imaging
B. The Stanford-Binet test
C. Neurotransmitter assessment
D. Neuropsychological assessment
     E.  Psychophysiological assessment.
61
Q

A _________ is a psychologist who studies how dysfunction of the brain affects the way we think, feel and behave.

A 
A. Cognitive psychologist
     B. NEUROPSYCHOLOGIST
C. Gestalt psychologist
D. Clinical psychologist
E. All of the above.
62
Q

Types of psychophysiological assessments include ________.

A 
A. Electrocardiogram (EKG)
B. Electrodermal responding
C. Electroencephalography
D.  (A) and (B)
      E.   (A), (B) and (C)
63
Q

__________ is used to assess both brain structure and brain function.

A 
A.  CT
B. MRI
C. PET
D. fMRI
      E. (C) and (D)
64
Q

A _______ , typically an acid, is produced when a neurotransmitter is deactivated.

A

a. METABOLITE
b. Portion
c. HCL
d. Glucose
e. All of the above.

65
Q

_________ show brain activity changes while a person is doing different tasks.

A

a. CT
b. MRI
c. PET
d. fMRI
e. Electroencephalography.

66
Q

The Australian Psychology Accreditation Council requires all psychology graduates in Australia to have received training in _____.

A

Cultural competence.

PSY353 Abnormal Psychology (2 decks)

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