chapter 2 Flashcards
1
Q
unorganized DNA
A
chromatin
2
Q
organized DNA
A
chromosomes
3
Q
number of chromosomes in most cells
A
46
4
Q
chromosomes that have been duplicated just before cell division
A
chromatid
5
Q
what is a Centriole do
A
mitosis
6
Q
centromere
A
conects chromosomes to duplicate, attaches to centrioles, where chromatid splits
7
Q
4 phases of cell division
A
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
8
Q
how long does cell divison take
A
approx 2hrs
9
Q
Interphase (Metabolic phase)
A
resting phase, longest phase, replication of DNA and Centrioles
10
Q
What triggers Cell Devision
A
trigered by a hormone or by the cell
11
Q
What Phase does Chromatin inside the nucleus become organized to form chromosomes.
A
Prophase
12
Q
What Phase is Prophase in reverse
A
Telophase
13
Q
What Phase does Chromosomes replicate to from chromatids that are held together by centrometers
A
Prophase
14
Q
All organisms are composed of _____
A
Cells
15
Q
the cell is the ____ unit of organization or organisms
A
basic
16
Q
All cells come from _____ _____.
A
pre-existing cells
17
Q
If there is a __________ in cells due to their starvation of oxygen, then there will be a _________ ablity to grow the number of cells.
A
reduction
restricted
18
Q
loss of cells in this way has a _______ effect.
A
Multiplier
19
Q
Name the 3 parts of the Cell
A
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
20
Q
The _________ _________ surrounds the entire contents of the cell.
A
Plasma membrane
21
Q
the _______ is the fluid inside the cell where all chemical processes of life go on.
A
Cytoplasm
22
Q
The _______ and other cellular ______ are suspended in the cytoplasm.
A
Nucleus
organelles
23
Q
the nucleus controls the _________ ________ of the cell.
A
internal environment
24
Q
The _______ ________ is composed mostly of fat molecules.
A
plasma membrane
25
there are _____ layers of fat molecules called ______
Two
| Phospholipids
26
The Phospolipids (bilayer) have ____ and ____ that face the outside and inside of the cell.
Heads
| Tails
27
This type of fat (fatty acid) gives the membrane _______.
Flexiblity
28
Cell Membrane need to be flexiable to allow big ______ present (in the membrane) to open and close channels (they form)
Proteins
29
The fatty acid tails are pointed ______ each other in the middle of the membrane
Towards
30
________ _________ is the name of the property of the cell membrane to determin which water-soluble molecules and ions enter and leave the cell.
Selective Permeability
31
To increase stability of th emembrane ridgid ________ molecules are scattered throught the phospholipid layers.
Cholesterol
32
what 3 functions do a protein molecule preform
gateways for water-soluble molecules.
receptors for certain hormones.
identification molecules in tissue typing
33
The ______ totally fills the inside of the cell between the plasma and the nucluear membraines.
Cytoplasm
34
cytoplasm has interceluar ________ suspended in it.
organelles
35
organelles are so ______ they need a special ________ to see them
Small
| Microscope
36
______ is the viscous, semitransparent fluid of the cytoplasm in which other elements are suspended.
Cytosol
37
Dissolved in the cytosol, which is largely ____ , are soluble _______, _______ and __________ and a variety of other solutes
Water
proteins
salts
sugars
38
__________ are the non-functioning chemical substances that may or may not be present, depending on the specific cell type.
Inclusions
39
give 3 examples of nutrients found in cell inclusions
glycogen
lipid droplets
pigments
40
______ are the metabolic machinery of the cell.
organelles
41
each organellepreforms its own job to maintain the _____ of the cell
life
42
most organelles have membranes simular to the PM (plasma membrane) so they can have an _______ _______ that is _______ from the surrounding cytosol
internal enviroment
| diffrent
43
___________ organelle that is the powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondria
44
___________ organelle that is the site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
45
___________ organelle that is the system of membranes, forming a network of connecting sacs and canals, from the nucleus to the PM
Rought endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
46
___________ organelle that is the site of lipid and steroid synthesis
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
47
___________ organelle that is the stack of smoth membrane sacs and associated vesicles
Golgi apparatus
48
___________ organelle that is the site of intracellular digestion
Lysosomes
49
___________ organelle that is the paired rod-shaped organelles that exist in almost every cell
Centrioles
50
___________ organelle that is the short cell surface projections (in the treakia to protect lungs)
Cilia
51
___________ organelle that is like cilia but longer and propels ______ cells
Flagella
| Sperm
52
| ___________ organelle that packages, modifies and segregates proteins for secretion from the cell
| Golgi apparatus
53
___________ organelle that is studded with ribosomes externally
RER
54
___________ organelle that is composed of fine tubules that play an improtant role durning cell division
Centrioles
55
___________ organelle that is the site where lipid metabolism and drub detoxification occur
SER
56
___________ organelle that is a double membrane structure
Mitochondria
57
___________ organelle that has both small and large units
Ribosomes
58
___________ organelle that is the site of ATP synthesis
Mitochondria
59
___________ organelle that can attach to the RER
Ribosomes
60
___________ organelle that attaches sugar groups to proteins
RER
61
______ is the prime energy source in the Body
ATP
62
___________ organelle that all move in a unidirectional current
Cilia
63
___________ organelle that is like Cilia but longer
Flagella
64
The ______ is the Gene-containing control center of the cell and the largest organelle in the cell
Nucleus
65
_______ _______ surrounds the nuclues
Nuclear membrane/envelope
66
______ is the site where ribosome subunits are formed
Nuclueolus
67
Neculear membrane is made up of two ______ _______ and encloses a special type of cell material called __________
Seprate membranes
| nucleoplasm
68
the outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the __________ _____________ and is studded with __________ on its surface.
ER
| Ribosomes
69
the _______ ultimately controls every organelle in the cytoplasm and controls cell reproduction
Nucleus
70
there is usually one nuclues per cell but some cells have more thanone nucleus such as _______ ______ and ________ _______.
Skeletal muscle
| liver cells
71
the two nuclear membranes fuse together are various points to form ______ ______ which are ________________
Nuclear pores
| Semipermeable
72
all cells have nucleus except for _____________
red blood cells
73
Nuclear membrane is made up of ________________ and encloses a special type of cell material called _____________
two seprate membranes (phospholipids)
| nuclueoplasm
74
______ ______ requires no energy
Passive transport
75
two processes that move (mass amounts) substances into and out of cell are
Passive transport
| Active transport
76
_______ ______ energy is required
Active transport
77
Passive transport move from ___ concentration to ______ concentration
High
| Low
78
Active transport move from ___ concentration to ______ concentration
Low
| High
79
Passive process is called movement ____________________
down a concentration gradient
80
Active process is called movement ___________________
up a concentration gradient
81
the body uses _______ for energy
ATP
82
_________ is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
osmosis
83
water is repelled by membranes ___________ but can pass through the pores created by _______ in the membrane
lipid bilayer
| proteins
84
_______________ is when substances such as glucose can pass across the cell membrane, due to this type of diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
85
Facilitated diffusion move ________ the concentration gradient but uses a ________ in the cells membrane to move
down
| protein
86
__________ the massive movement of water and substances through a membrane due to the presence of greater pushing force on one side than the other.
Filtration (Kidneys)
87
______________ the proteins in the plasma membrane move certain ions in and certain ions out of the cell
Solute pumps
88
Solute pumps require ________
energy
89
Solute pumps use _______ to move ions across ____________
ATP
| Cell Membranes
90
can more than one ion substance be moved at the same time
Yes
91
_____________ moves substances out of the cell. Cells actively secrete
substances (such as hormones and wastes) using energy.
Exocytosis
92
___________ is a bulk transport process that moves substances into the
cell that cannot cross any other way.
Endocytosis
93
Exocytosis: Usually the _____________
packages the substances into a small sac which fuses
with the____________. The membrane then ruptures, spilling the
contents out of the cell.
golgi apparatus
| plasma membrane
94
Endocytosis: The cell _______ an extracellular
substance into a small ______. Once the is formed it detaches
from the ____________ inside the _____.
```
absorbs
vesicle
vesicle
plasma membrane
cell
```
95
__________ Once the vesicle is
inside the cell it attaches to a lysosome and the contents are
ingested.
Phagocytosis
96
__________ The process above occurs.
Once the vesicle is inside the cell, the substances (proteins, fats)
are used by the cell.
pinocytosis
97
All ________ substances can pass straight through the
cell membrane, just as a ‘ghost’ walks through a wall because most of the plasma
membrane is made up of fat.
fat-soluble
| fat
98
All fats are transported across the cell membrane by
| the passive process of ___________.
diffusion
99
___________ substances have
to pass through some opening in the plasma membrane because they are
insoluble in the ____________.
water-soluble
| two lipid layers
100
Water-soluble molecules are transported across the
| cell membrane by either of the following mechanisms:
Passive transport
| Active transport
101
Whether the task is maintenance, repair, reproduction or growth; human cells have
to divide and multiply. This process is called _______.
mitosis
102
The end result of a cell undergoing mitosis is the production of two ___________-
daughter cells
103
All of the
material contained in the original mother cell (plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles,
nucleus and chromatin) are ________ and passed on to each of the daughter cells.
equally divided
104
chromosomes which are composed of ___________.
| .
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
105
how many chromosomes do you have in cells
46
23 sperm ovme
0 red blood cells
106
Each chromosome is composed of a long double strand of _________
that structurally resembles a
________.
DNA
| twisted ladder
107
```
Each step on the ladder represents a chemical bond between
compounds
called
________
located in the legs of the ladder.
```
‘bases’
108
Each
| segment of a chromosome that controls the production of a specific protein is called a _______
gene
109
Each chromosome contains an estimated _______ genes
80,000
110
The bases on one strand
are specifically ______ with particular bases on the second strand. This is a safety measure. If
one strand is damaged by X-rays, ultraviolet light or toxic substances, the second strand is a
______________ carrying the same message
paired
| backup mirror-image
111
__________ is the division of the nucleus of a cell
Cell mitosis
112
___________ is the division of the cytoplasm of a cell; starts when
mitosis is almost completed
Cell cytokinesis
113
______________ Longest phase of a cell’s life.
The ‘resting period’ of a cell when the cell is not dividing.
All other cell functions are carried out.
Before prophase; DNA and centrioles will replicate.
Interphase (metabolic phase)
114
what are 2 major periods
| in the life of a cell:
Interphase
| Cell division
115
what are the 4 different phases
| cell division
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
116
__________ Two cells are present which are slightly smaller than the parent.
Telophase
117
________ Chromatids align themselves across the center of the cell
Metaphase
118
____________ Chromatin inside the nucleus becomes organized to form
chromosomes.
Prophase
119
__________ A cleavage furrow begins to divide the cell; beginning of
cytokinesis.
Anaphase
120
The centromeres break apart and the chromatids (now
| chromosomes) move away from the center of the cell.
Anaphase
121
________ Chromosomes replicate to form chromatids that are held
together by centromeres.
Prophase
122
_________ Spindle fibres attach to each chromatid.
Metaphase
123
Spindle fibres form between centrioles.
Prophase
124
Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell.
Metaphase
125
In the cytoplasm, centrioles move away from each other.
Prophase
126
A cleavage furrow begins to divide the cell; beginning of
| cytokinesis
Anaphase
127
Two cells are present which are slightly smaller than the parent.
cell; each cell also has less cytoplasm; both daughter cells
have the exact same genetic information as the parent cell.
Telophase
128
Organelles have been equally distributed.
Spindle fibres disappear.
Cell division is completed.
Telophase
129
The nuclear envelope forms from ER and nucleolus appears.
Telophase
130
Cell division can result in the production of 3 things
normal healthy tissue
| Abnormal tissue or neoplasm (benign vs malignant)
131
Collectively DNA and RNA are called
nucleic acids
132
In order to transfer the instructions between DNA and the
ribosomes, the message is copied into____ which can leave
the _______.
RNA
| nucleus
133
RNA is called
messenger RNA (mRNA)
134
unlike DNA, RNA is single stranded
single stranded
135
DNA molecules are made up of which 4 bases
```
1.Adenine
(high pH level)
2.Thymine
(high pH level)
3.Guanine
(high pH level)
4.Cytosine
(high pH level)
```
136
Each step of the DNA ladder contains 2 bases
| What bases go together
TA
| GC
137
RNA is ____________
Ribonucleic Acid
138
RNA like DNA is composed of 4 bases but instead of using
______ , RNA uses
uracil
thymine
| uracil
139
RNA is also a _____-stranded molecule unlike DNA that is a
| _____-stranded molecule
single
| double
140
what 3 types of RNA are in the body
1. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
2. Ribosomal RNA
3. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
141
These RNA are long, _____ ________ strands that look like half of a __________ strand and carry the
message containing instructions for _______ synthesis from the nucleus to the __________.
single nucleotide
DNA
protein
cytoplasm
142
__________ only occurs in the nucleus of a cell
Transcription
143
_________ only occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell
Translation
144
________ leave the nucleus and go to the cytoplasm to direct
| protein synthesis.
mRNA
145
Each strand of mRNA is a copy of a ________ __________ found in
the DNA.
gene sequence
146
durn what process does a section of the double stranded DNA unwinds and Specialized mRNA form in cell occure
Transcription
147
A section of the double stranded DNA unwinds.
| Specialized _____ form in cell
mRNA
148
Transcription involves the transfer of ________ from DNA’s
_______ _______ into the complementary base sequence of
_______
information
base sequence
mRNA
149
mRNA leave the nucleus and go to the cytoplasm to ______ _______ _________
direct protein synthesis
150
Translation is the synthesis of a _______ by ________ using the
information originally taken from the DNA in the nucleus by the ________
.
protein
ribosomes
mRNA
151
The strand of _______ attaches to a ribosome which starts to
| ‘read’ the __________
mRNA
| mRNA
152
```
The ______ in the cytoplasm attaches to the corresponding
amino acid (AA) with the help of an enzyme
```
tRNA
153
The incoming
tRNA or ________
that has an AA, recognizes a complementary
mRNA ________
anticodon
| codon
154
The ribosome arranges the AA’s into certain sequences; using
the _____; that forms a protein strand according to the
information on the ________.
tRNA
| mRNA
155
Once the AA is in place, the _______ is released back into the
cytoplasm to pick up another AA
tRNA
156
The protein strand combines to form a complete protein
molecule once the last ______ on the ________ is read and the
protein is released
codon
| mRNA
157
__________ tissue: This tissue forms the skin that covers the body and the linings of the respiratory, digestive, reproductive and urinary tracts
Epithelial
158
Epithelial cells can be classified by what 4 shapes
Squamous (flat and scale-like)
Cuboidal (cube-shaped)
Columnar (high and stacked)
Transitional (varying shapes)
159
Epithelial tissue can also be classified according to the arrangement of cells give the 2 types
Simple (single layer of cells)
| Stratified (many layers of cells)
160
example of where you can find simple squamous
Lining of blood and lymph vessels
161
example of where you can find Stratified squamous
Lining of mouth and esophagus
162
example of where you can find simple columnar
Surface layer of lining of stomach, intestines, respiratory track
163
example of where you can find Stratified transitional
Urinary bladder
164
example of where you can find Pseudostratified
Surface lining of trachea
165
example of where you can find simple cuboidal
Glands
| Kidney tubules
166
_____ _____ Most abundant, widely distributed tissue in the body
Connective Tissue (CT)
167
what are the 7 major types of connective tissue
```
Areolar connective tissue
Adipose (fat) connective tissue
Fibrous connective tissue
Bone
Cartilage
Blood
Hemopoietic tissue
Reticular
```
168
Which connective tissue is Loose connective tissue that forms gland tissue
Reticular
169
Which connective tissue is Blood like connective tissue found in red marrow, in cavities of bones
and organs such as spleen
Hemopoietic tissue
170
Which connective tissue is the Most widely distributed of all connective tissue
It is the glue between the organs
Areolar connective tissue
171
Which connective tissue is It stores lipids
| Is found under the skin
Adipose
172
Which connective tissue is Located in tendons, ligaments, fascia and scar tissue
Fibrous connective tissue
173
Which connective tissue is Skeleton
Bone
174
Which connective tissue is Like a firm plastic
| Examples: flexible tissue found in bones and discs between vertebrae
Cartilage
175
Which connective tissue is is the Most unusual form of connective tissue
Blood
176
what are the are 3 types of muscle tissue
Skeletal
Cardiac
smooth
177
muscle tissue you have Voluntary control of
Skeletal muscle
178
muscle tissue that is Involuntary
Cardiac
| smooth
179
Forms walls of heart
Cardiac muscle
180
________ is for communication between body structures
nervous tissue
