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A & P [1] chapter 1,2 notes (1,3 book) > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

unorganized DNA

A

chromatin

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2
Q

organized DNA

A

chromosomes

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3
Q

number of chromosomes in most cells

A

46

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4
Q

chromosomes that have been duplicated just before cell division

A

chromatid

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5
Q

what is a Centriole do

A

mitosis

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6
Q

centromere

A

conects chromosomes to duplicate, attaches to centrioles, where chromatid splits

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7
Q

4 phases of cell division

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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8
Q

how long does cell divison take

A

approx 2hrs

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9
Q

Interphase (Metabolic phase)

A

resting phase, longest phase, replication of DNA and Centrioles

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10
Q

What triggers Cell Devision

A

trigered by a hormone or by the cell

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11
Q

What Phase does Chromatin inside the nucleus become organized to form chromosomes.

A

Prophase

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12
Q

What Phase is Prophase in reverse

A

Telophase

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13
Q

What Phase does Chromosomes replicate to from chromatids that are held together by centrometers

A

Prophase

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14
Q

All organisms are composed of _____

A

Cells

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15
Q

the cell is the ____ unit of organization or organisms

A

basic

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16
Q

All cells come from _____ _____.

A

pre-existing cells

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17
Q

If there is a __________ in cells due to their starvation of oxygen, then there will be a _________ ablity to grow the number of cells.

A

reduction

restricted

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18
Q

loss of cells in this way has a _______ effect.

A

Multiplier

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19
Q

Name the 3 parts of the Cell

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

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20
Q

The _________ _________ surrounds the entire contents of the cell.

A

Plasma membrane

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21
Q

the _______ is the fluid inside the cell where all chemical processes of life go on.

A

Cytoplasm

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22
Q

The _______ and other cellular ______ are suspended in the cytoplasm.

A

Nucleus

organelles

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23
Q

the nucleus controls the _________ ________ of the cell.

A

internal environment

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24
Q

The _______ ________ is composed mostly of fat molecules.

A

plasma membrane

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25
Q

there are _____ layers of fat molecules called ______

A

Two

Phospholipids

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26
Q

The Phospolipids (bilayer) have ____ and ____ that face the outside and inside of the cell.

A

Heads

Tails

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27
Q

This type of fat (fatty acid) gives the membrane _______.

A

Flexiblity

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28
Q

Cell Membrane need to be flexiable to allow big ______ present (in the membrane) to open and close channels (they form)

A

Proteins

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29
Q

The fatty acid tails are pointed ______ each other in the middle of the membrane

A

Towards

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30
Q

________ _________ is the name of the property of the cell membrane to determin which water-soluble molecules and ions enter and leave the cell.

A

Selective Permeability

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31
Q

To increase stability of th emembrane ridgid ________ molecules are scattered throught the phospholipid layers.

A

Cholesterol

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32
Q

what 3 functions do a protein molecule preform

A

gateways for water-soluble molecules.
receptors for certain hormones.
identification molecules in tissue typing

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33
Q

The ______ totally fills the inside of the cell between the plasma and the nucluear membraines.

A

Cytoplasm

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34
Q

cytoplasm has interceluar ________ suspended in it.

A

organelles

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35
Q

organelles are so ______ they need a special ________ to see them

A

Small

Microscope

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36
Q

______ is the viscous, semitransparent fluid of the cytoplasm in which other elements are suspended.

A

Cytosol

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37
Q

Dissolved in the cytosol, which is largely ____ , are soluble _______, _______ and __________ and a variety of other solutes

A

Water
proteins
salts
sugars

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38
Q

__________ are the non-functioning chemical substances that may or may not be present, depending on the specific cell type.

A

Inclusions

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39
Q

give 3 examples of nutrients found in cell inclusions

A

glycogen
lipid droplets
pigments

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40
Q

______ are the metabolic machinery of the cell.

A

organelles

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41
Q

each organellepreforms its own job to maintain the _____ of the cell

A

life

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42
Q

most organelles have membranes simular to the PM (plasma membrane) so they can have an _______ _______ that is _______ from the surrounding cytosol

A

internal enviroment

diffrent

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43
Q

___________ organelle that is the powerhouse of the cell

A

Mitochondria

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44
Q

___________ organelle that is the site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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45
Q

___________ organelle that is the system of membranes, forming a network of connecting sacs and canals, from the nucleus to the PM

A

Rought endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

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46
Q

___________ organelle that is the site of lipid and steroid synthesis

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

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47
Q

___________ organelle that is the stack of smoth membrane sacs and associated vesicles

A

Golgi apparatus

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48
Q

___________ organelle that is the site of intracellular digestion

A

Lysosomes

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49
Q

___________ organelle that is the paired rod-shaped organelles that exist in almost every cell

A

Centrioles

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50
Q

___________ organelle that is the short cell surface projections (in the treakia to protect lungs)

A

Cilia

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51
Q

___________ organelle that is like cilia but longer and propels ______ cells

A

Flagella

Sperm

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52
Q

<p>

| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ organelle that packages, modifies and segregates proteins for secretion from the cell</p>

A

<p>

| Golgi apparatus</p>

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53
Q

___________ organelle that is studded with ribosomes externally

A

RER

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54
Q

___________ organelle that is composed of fine tubules that play an improtant role durning cell division

A

Centrioles

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55
Q

___________ organelle that is the site where lipid metabolism and drub detoxification occur

A

SER

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56
Q

___________ organelle that is a double membrane structure

A

Mitochondria

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57
Q

___________ organelle that has both small and large units

A

Ribosomes

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58
Q

___________ organelle that is the site of ATP synthesis

A

Mitochondria

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59
Q

___________ organelle that can attach to the RER

A

Ribosomes

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60
Q

___________ organelle that attaches sugar groups to proteins

A

RER

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61
Q

______ is the prime energy source in the Body

A

ATP

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62
Q

___________ organelle that all move in a unidirectional current

A

Cilia

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63
Q

___________ organelle that is like Cilia but longer

A

Flagella

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64
Q

The ______ is the Gene-containing control center of the cell and the largest organelle in the cell

A

Nucleus

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65
Q

_______ _______ surrounds the nuclues

A

Nuclear membrane/envelope

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66
Q

______ is the site where ribosome subunits are formed

A

Nuclueolus

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67
Q

Neculear membrane is made up of two ______ _______ and encloses a special type of cell material called __________

A

Seprate membranes

nucleoplasm

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68
Q

the outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the __________ _____________ and is studded with __________ on its surface.

A

ER

Ribosomes

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69
Q

the _______ ultimately controls every organelle in the cytoplasm and controls cell reproduction

A

Nucleus

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70
Q

there is usually one nuclues per cell but some cells have more thanone nucleus such as _______ ______ and ________ _______.

A

Skeletal muscle

liver cells

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71
Q

the two nuclear membranes fuse together are various points to form ______ ______ which are ________________

A

Nuclear pores

Semipermeable

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72
Q

all cells have nucleus except for _____________

A

red blood cells

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73
Q

Nuclear membrane is made up of ________________ and encloses a special type of cell material called _____________

A

two seprate membranes (phospholipids)

nuclueoplasm

74
Q

______ ______ requires no energy

A

Passive transport

75
Q

two processes that move (mass amounts) substances into and out of cell are

A

Passive transport

Active transport

76
Q

_______ ______ energy is required

A

Active transport

77
Q

Passive transport move from ___ concentration to ______ concentration

A

High

Low

78
Q

Active transport move from ___ concentration to ______ concentration

A

Low

High

79
Q

Passive process is called movement ____________________

A

down a concentration gradient

80
Q

Active process is called movement ___________________

A

up a concentration gradient

81
Q

the body uses _______ for energy

A

ATP

82
Q

_________ is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

A

osmosis

83
Q

water is repelled by membranes ___________ but can pass through the pores created by _______ in the membrane

A

lipid bilayer

proteins

84
Q

_______________ is when substances such as glucose can pass across the cell membrane, due to this type of diffusion

A

Facilitated diffusion

85
Q

Facilitated diffusion move ________ the concentration gradient but uses a ________ in the cells membrane to move

A

down

protein

86
Q

__________ the massive movement of water and substances through a membrane due to the presence of greater pushing force on one side than the other.

A

Filtration (Kidneys)

87
Q

______________ the proteins in the plasma membrane move certain ions in and certain ions out of the cell

A

Solute pumps

88
Q

Solute pumps require ________

A

energy

89
Q

Solute pumps use _______ to move ions across ____________

A

ATP

Cell Membranes

90
Q

can more than one ion substance be moved at the same time

A

Yes

91
Q

_____________ moves substances out of the cell. Cells actively secrete
substances (such as hormones and wastes) using energy.

A

Exocytosis

92
Q

___________ is a bulk transport process that moves substances into the
cell that cannot cross any other way.

A

Endocytosis

93
Q

Exocytosis: Usually the _____________
packages the substances into a small sac which fuses
with the____________. The membrane then ruptures, spilling the
contents out of the cell.

A

golgi apparatus

plasma membrane

94
Q

Endocytosis: The cell _______ an extracellular
substance into a small ______. Once the is formed it detaches
from the ____________ inside the _____.

A 
absorbs 
vesicle
vesicle
plasma membrane
cell
95
Q

__________ Once the vesicle is
inside the cell it attaches to a lysosome and the contents are
ingested.

A

Phagocytosis

96
Q

__________ The process above occurs.
Once the vesicle is inside the cell, the substances (proteins, fats)
are used by the cell.

A

pinocytosis

97
Q

All ________ substances can pass straight through the
cell membrane, just as a ‘ghost’ walks through a wall because most of the plasma
membrane is made up of fat.

A

fat-soluble

fat

98
Q

All fats are transported across the cell membrane by

the passive process of ___________.

A

diffusion

99
Q

___________ substances have
to pass through some opening in the plasma membrane because they are
insoluble in the ____________.

A

water-soluble

two lipid layers

100
Q

Water-soluble molecules are transported across the

cell membrane by either of the following mechanisms:

A

Passive transport

Active transport

101
Q

Whether the task is maintenance, repair, reproduction or growth; human cells have
to divide and multiply. This process is called _______.

A

mitosis

102
Q

The end result of a cell undergoing mitosis is the production of two ___________-

A

daughter cells

103
Q

All of the
material contained in the original mother cell (plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles,
nucleus and chromatin) are ________ and passed on to each of the daughter cells.

A

equally divided

104
Q

chromosomes which are composed of ___________.

.

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

105
Q

how many chromosomes do you have in cells

A

46
23 sperm ovme
0 red blood cells

106
Q

Each chromosome is composed of a long double strand of _________
that structurally resembles a
________.

A

DNA

twisted ladder

107
Q 
Each step on the ladder represents a chemical bond between
compounds
called
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
located in the legs of the ladder.
A

‘bases’

108
Q

Each

segment of a chromosome that controls the production of a specific protein is called a _______

A

gene

109
Q

Each chromosome contains an estimated _______ genes

A

80,000

110
Q

The bases on one strand
are specifically ______ with particular bases on the second strand. This is a safety measure. If
one strand is damaged by X-rays, ultraviolet light or toxic substances, the second strand is a
______________ carrying the same message

A

paired

backup mirror-image

111
Q

__________ is the division of the nucleus of a cell

A

Cell mitosis

112
Q

___________ is the division of the cytoplasm of a cell; starts when
mitosis is almost completed

A

Cell cytokinesis

113
Q

______________ Longest phase of a cell’s life.
The ‘resting period’ of a cell when the cell is not dividing.
All other cell functions are carried out.
Before prophase; DNA and centrioles will replicate.

A

Interphase (metabolic phase)

114
Q

what are 2 major periods

in the life of a cell:

A

Interphase

Cell division

115
Q

what are the 4 different phases

cell division

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

116
Q

__________ Two cells are present which are slightly smaller than the parent.

A

Telophase

117
Q

________ Chromatids align themselves across the center of the cell

A

Metaphase

118
Q

____________ Chromatin inside the nucleus becomes organized to form
chromosomes.

A

Prophase

119
Q

__________ A cleavage furrow begins to divide the cell; beginning of
cytokinesis.

A

Anaphase

120
Q

The centromeres break apart and the chromatids (now

chromosomes) move away from the center of the cell.

A

Anaphase

121
Q

________ Chromosomes replicate to form chromatids that are held
together by centromeres.

A

Prophase

122
Q

_________ Spindle fibres attach to each chromatid.

A

Metaphase

123
Q

Spindle fibres form between centrioles.

A

Prophase

124
Q

Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell.

A

Metaphase

125
Q

In the cytoplasm, centrioles move away from each other.

A

Prophase

126
Q

A cleavage furrow begins to divide the cell; beginning of

cytokinesis

A

Anaphase

127
Q

Two cells are present which are slightly smaller than the parent.
cell; each cell also has less cytoplasm; both daughter cells
have the exact same genetic information as the parent cell.

A

Telophase

128
Q

Organelles have been equally distributed.
Spindle fibres disappear.
Cell division is completed.

A

Telophase

129
Q

The nuclear envelope forms from ER and nucleolus appears.

A

Telophase

130
Q

Cell division can result in the production of 3 things

A

normal healthy tissue

Abnormal tissue or neoplasm (benign vs malignant)

131
Q

Collectively DNA and RNA are called

A

nucleic acids

132
Q

In order to transfer the instructions between DNA and the
ribosomes, the message is copied into____ which can leave
the _______.

A

RNA

nucleus

133
Q

RNA is called

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

134
Q

unlike DNA, RNA is single stranded

A

single stranded

135
Q

DNA molecules are made up of which 4 bases

A 
1.Adenine
(high pH level)
2.Thymine
(high pH level)
3.Guanine
(high pH level)
4.Cytosine
(high pH level)
136
Q

Each step of the DNA ladder contains 2 bases

What bases go together

A

TA

GC

137
Q

RNA is ____________

A

Ribonucleic Acid

138
Q

RNA like DNA is composed of 4 bases but instead of using
______ , RNA uses
uracil

A

thymine

uracil

139
Q

RNA is also a _____-stranded molecule unlike DNA that is a

_____-stranded molecule

A

single

double

140
Q

what 3 types of RNA are in the body

A
  1. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
  2. Ribosomal RNA
  3. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
141
Q

These RNA are long, _____ ________ strands that look like half of a __________ strand and carry the
message containing instructions for _______ synthesis from the nucleus to the __________.

A

single nucleotide
DNA
protein
cytoplasm

142
Q

__________ only occurs in the nucleus of a cell

A

Transcription

143
Q

_________ only occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell

A

Translation

144
Q

________ leave the nucleus and go to the cytoplasm to direct

protein synthesis.

A

mRNA

145
Q

Each strand of mRNA is a copy of a ________ __________ found in
the DNA.

A

gene sequence

146
Q

durn what process does a section of the double stranded DNA unwinds and Specialized mRNA form in cell occure

A

Transcription

147
Q

A section of the double stranded DNA unwinds.

Specialized _____ form in cell

A

mRNA

148
Q

Transcription involves the transfer of ________ from DNA’s
_______ _______ into the complementary base sequence of
_______

A

information
base sequence
mRNA

149
Q

mRNA leave the nucleus and go to the cytoplasm to ______ _______ _________

A

direct protein synthesis

150
Q

Translation is the synthesis of a _______ by ________ using the
information originally taken from the DNA in the nucleus by the ________
.

A

protein
ribosomes
mRNA

151
Q

The strand of _______ attaches to a ribosome which starts to

‘read’ the __________

A

mRNA

mRNA

152
Q 
The \_\_\_\_\_\_ in the cytoplasm attaches to the corresponding
amino acid (AA) with the help of an enzyme
A

tRNA

153
Q

The incoming
tRNA or ________
that has an AA, recognizes a complementary
mRNA ________

A

anticodon

codon

154
Q

The ribosome arranges the AA’s into certain sequences; using
the _____; that forms a protein strand according to the
information on the ________.

A

tRNA

mRNA

155
Q

Once the AA is in place, the _______ is released back into the
cytoplasm to pick up another AA

A

tRNA

156
Q

The protein strand combines to form a complete protein
molecule once the last ______ on the ________ is read and the
protein is released

A

codon

mRNA

157
Q

__________ tissue: This tissue forms the skin that covers the body and the linings of the respiratory, digestive, reproductive and urinary tracts

A

Epithelial

158
Q

Epithelial cells can be classified by what 4 shapes

A

Squamous (flat and scale-like)
Cuboidal (cube-shaped)
Columnar (high and stacked)
Transitional (varying shapes)

159
Q

Epithelial tissue can also be classified according to the arrangement of cells give the 2 types

A

Simple (single layer of cells)

Stratified (many layers of cells)

160
Q

example of where you can find simple squamous

A

Lining of blood and lymph vessels

161
Q

example of where you can find Stratified squamous

A

Lining of mouth and esophagus

162
Q

example of where you can find simple columnar

A

Surface layer of lining of stomach, intestines, respiratory track

163
Q

example of where you can find Stratified transitional

A

Urinary bladder

164
Q

example of where you can find Pseudostratified

A

Surface lining of trachea

165
Q

example of where you can find simple cuboidal

A

Glands

Kidney tubules

166
Q

_____ _____ Most abundant, widely distributed tissue in the body

A

Connective Tissue (CT)

167
Q

what are the 7 major types of connective tissue

A 
Areolar connective tissue
Adipose (fat) connective tissue
Fibrous connective tissue
Bone
Cartilage
Blood
Hemopoietic tissue
Reticular
168
Q

Which connective tissue is Loose connective tissue that forms gland tissue

A

Reticular

169
Q

Which connective tissue is Blood like connective tissue found in red marrow, in cavities of bones
and organs such as spleen

A

Hemopoietic tissue

170
Q

Which connective tissue is the Most widely distributed of all connective tissue
It is the glue between the organs

A

Areolar connective tissue

171
Q

Which connective tissue is It stores lipids

Is found under the skin

A

Adipose

172
Q

Which connective tissue is Located in tendons, ligaments, fascia and scar tissue

A

Fibrous connective tissue

173
Q

Which connective tissue is Skeleton

A

Bone

174
Q

Which connective tissue is Like a firm plastic

Examples: flexible tissue found in bones and discs between vertebrae

A

Cartilage

175
Q

Which connective tissue is is the Most unusual form of connective tissue

A

Blood

176
Q

what are the are 3 types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
smooth

177
Q

muscle tissue you have Voluntary control of

A

Skeletal muscle

178
Q

muscle tissue that is Involuntary

A

Cardiac

smooth

179
Q

Forms walls of heart

A

Cardiac muscle

180
Q

________ is for communication between body structures

A

nervous tissue

A & P [1] chapter 1,2 notes (1,3 book) (4 decks)

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