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Developmental Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Theory?

A

A logical system of concepts Helps explain observations

Contributes to development of body of knowledge

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2
Q

Three questions to ask:

A

Which phenomena is the theory trying to explain?

What assumptions does the theory make?

What does the theory predict?

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3
Q

The Theory of Evolution

A

Darwin emphasized adaptive value of behavior and physical characteristics to specific environments:

Natural selection

Fitness, or reproductive success Adaptation

Inclusive fitness

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4
Q

Ethology

A

Studies the survival value of unique adaptive behavior and its evolutionary history

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5
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

Studies long-term historical origins of behavior

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6
Q

Evolutionary theory highlights three phases of the life span:

A

Healthy growth and development leading up to the reproductive period
Success in mating and the conception of offspring
Parenting offspring to survive and bear their own offspring

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7
Q

Psychoanalytic Theory (Slide 1 of 4) Children move through a series of stages:

A

Confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations

Healthy personality development

Determined by how parents manage child’s early sexual and aggressive drives

Focuses on how individuals resolve conflicts between drives

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8
Q

Psychoanalytic Theory (Slide 2 of 4) Freud believed that all behavior is

A

-motivated
Unconscious
Stores powerful, primitive motives

-Drives, or libido
Sexual and aggressive forces that desire to be satisfied

-Id, ego, and superego

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9
Q

Three Stages of development

A 
Oral
Anal 
Phallic 
Latency 
Genital
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10
Q

The psychoanalytic approach recognizes:

A

The tension between interpersonal and intrapsychic demands help shape personality

The influences of childhood experiences on adult behavior

The importance of motives, emotions, and fantasies

The role of sexual impulses during childhood

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11
Q

Cognition

A

The process of organizing and making meaning of experience

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12
Q

Two cognitive developmental theories

A

Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

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13
Q

Basic Concepts in Piaget’s Theory

A 
Equilibrium 
Schemes 
Operations 
Assimilation 
Accommodation
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14
Q

Four stages of cognitive development:

A

Sensorimotor Stage (0-18 months)
Preoperational Stage (18 months-6 years) Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)
Enables scientific reasoning
Formal Operational Stage (11 years on)
Knowledge is created through active engagement Novelty promotes cognitive development

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15
Q

Vygotsky’s Concepts of Cognitive Development

Vygotsky is an interactionist

A

Human development can only be understood within a social-historical framework

-Cognitive development is a socially mediated process

-Zone of proximal development
-Range of tasks that the child cannot handle alone
Can accomplish with help of adults, more skilled peers

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16
Q

Theories of learning empathizes

A
  • Learning via observation and imitation
  • Role of modeling
  • Learning via vicarious reinforcement
  • Social cognition rather than a social learning approach
17
Q

Cognitive Behaviorism

A

-Study of thoughts, ideas, and -memories that influence behavior
- Edward Tolman
Learner develops a cognitive map
-Mental representation of the learning environment

18
Q

Cultural Theory (Slide 1 of 3) Emphasizes:

A

-Meaning, or the behavior shared by a group of people

  • An individual’s psychological experiences are shaped through:
  • Cultural
  • pathways
  • Cultural determinism
  • Enculturation
19
Q

Implications for human development

A
  • Culture and biological development
  • interact Determine how each period of life is experienced
  • Links to the psychosocial approach
  • All cultures must be able to adapt to changes in economic, environmental, and intercultural conditions to survive
20
Q

Social Role Theory (Slide 1 of 2)

A

Process of socialization and personality development

Via the individual’s participation in increasingly diverse and complex social roles

21
Q

Three elements of concern:

A
  • Role enactment
  • Social roles
  • Role expectations
22
Q

Four dimensions of social roles:

A

Number of roles
Intensity of role involvement
Amount of time the role demands Degree of structure or flexibility

23
Q

Social Role Theory – Implications for Human Development

A

Social roles:
Provide consistency to life experiences
Prompt new learning

Personal relationships and social groups help contribute to one’s social identity

24
Q

Social Role Theory – Links to Psychosocial Theory

A

-Socialization takes place via role relationships

Reciprocity in roles is closely linked to concept of interdependence of people at each psychosocial stage

25
Q

Systems Theory (Slide 1 of 2)

A

-Systems are characterized by relationships among component parts

  • The whole is more than the sum of its parts
  • An open system
  • Adaptive self-organization
  • Components and the whole are always in tension
26
Q

Ecological system

A

Urie Bronfenbrenner argues that individuals develop within a multilayered system of relationships

Microsystem 
Mesosystem 
Exosystem 
Macrosystem 
Chronosystem
27
Q

Developmental Systems Theory

Emphasizes the ongoing interaction across many levels of the human organism (genetic to behavioral)
Focuses on:

A

The individual in the setting

Plasticity, both in the individual, and in an environmental context

28
Q

Systems Theory – Implications for Human Development

A
  • The family system is maintained by patterns of communication
  • Interdependence
  • Change in one family member is accompanied by changes in others
  • Interventions at any level of the environment can affect development
29
Q

Systems Theory – Links to Psychosocial Theory

A
  • System and psychosocial theories both suggest that development requires analysis of the person within context
  • Systems theory predicts that change:
  • Is not patterned
  • Occurs through adaptive self-regulation and self- organization
  • Psychosocial theory proposes that change is patterned
30
Q

Case Study – Jack Manasky and His Daughter Marilyn (Slide 1 of 2)

A

-What defense mechanisms might Jack be using?
How might the differences in Jack and Marilyn’s “cultures” affect their cognitive reasoning?
How might Marilyn use social learning techniques to modify her father’s coffee-drinking behavior?

31
Q

Case Study – Jack Manasky and His Daughter Marilyn (Slide 2 of 2)
Reflections

A

What cultural norms for the relationship of an adult daughter and an aging father are at play?
What reciprocal roles do you see between Jack and Marilyn?
What feedback mechanisms encourage or discourage certain behaviors between Jack and Marilyn?
Case Study – Jack Manasky and His Daughter Marilyn (Slide 2 of 2)
Reflections
•
•
Copyri

32
Q

Your Perspective

A

What theories do you find most relevant to your current stage of development, and why?
Evolutionary theory Psychoanalytic theory
Cognitive developmental theories Theories of learning
Cultural theory
Social role theory
Systems theory

Developmental Psychology (3 decks)

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