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COEN 346: Operating Systems > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of Os systems?

A

make programming easier

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2
Q

describe UI

A
  • command line interface (CLI) uses text commands and methods for entering
  • batch interface uses commands to commands are entered into files which are executed
  • graphical user interface uses a window system with a pointing device to direct i/o, choose from menus, make selections, and a keyboard to enter text
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3
Q

describe execution

A

load program to memory, run program, and execution

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4
Q

describe i/o operations

A

for efficiency and protection, users usually cannot control i/o devices directly

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5
Q

describe file-system manipulation

A

read/write/create/delete files

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6
Q

describe communications

A

implemented via shared memory; 2+ processes read and write to a shared section of memory, or message passing, in which packets of info in predefined formats are moved between processes by the OS

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7
Q

describe error detection

A

errors may occur in CPU, memory hardware, i/o devices, and user program

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8
Q

describe resource allocation

A

resources need to be allocated for multiple jobs/users running concurrently

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9
Q

describe accounting

A

for statistics or billing

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10
Q

describe protection and security

A

concurrent processes could cause interference so protection and security is useful and necessary

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11
Q

2 fundamental approaches for users to interface with OS

A
  1. command-line interface allows users to directly enter command to be performed
  2. uses a GUI
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12
Q

define shells

A

interpreters with systems of multiple command interpreters to choose from

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13
Q

main function of command interpreter

A

get and execute next user-specified command

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14
Q

2 general ways of implementation of command interpreters

A
  1. command interpreter contains code to execute the command

2. uses command to identify a file to be loaded into memory and executed

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15
Q

define graphical user interface

A

interpreter that uses a mouse-based window and menu system: desktop
gestures on the touch screen on the ipad

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16
Q

a benefit of command line interfaces

A

it makes repetitive tasks easier

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17
Q

describe system calls

A

they provide an interface to the services made available by an OS

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18
Q

define system-call interface

A

interprets function calls in the API and invokes the necessary system calls within the OS

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19
Q

3 general methods to pass parameters to OS

A
  1. pass parameters in registers
  2. store parameters in block/table/memory and then pass its address
  3. parameters placed/pushed onto stack and popped off the stack by OS
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20
Q

6 major categories of system calls

A
  1. process control
  2. file manipulation
  3. device manipulation
  4. information maintenance
  5. communications
  6. protection
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21
Q

define debugger

A

system program designed to aid the programmer in finding and correcting errors to determine problem

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22
Q

steps of process control

A
  1. OS transfers control to invoking command interpreter
  2. command interpreter reads next command
  3. different systems continue differently
    - ensure integrity of shared data, there is a system call allowing a process to lock shared data
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23
Q

describe interactive system

A

assumed user will issue an appropriate command to respond to any error

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24
Q

describe batch system

A

command interpreter terminates entire job and moves on to next job

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25
Q

an example of single-tasking system

A

MS-DOS

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26
Q

an example of multi-tasking system

A

FreeBSD

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27
Q

MS-DOS definition and steps

A

has a command interpreter that is invoked when computer has started, doesn’t create a new process, loads program into memory, sets instructions pointer to first instructions, runs, error causes trap or program executes system call to terminate (error is saved), reloads rest of command interpreter from disk

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28
Q

define FreeBSD

A

accepts commands and executes programs that the user requests, multi-tasking of loading and running

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29
Q

define single step

A

trap is executed by CPU after every instruction; microprocessors provide this CPU mode

30
Q

2 common models of interprocess communication

A
  1. the messaging model

2. shared-memory model

31
Q

define messaging model

A

communication process exchange messages with on another to transfer information

32
Q

define host name

A

name of computer in a network, usually has a network identifier; IP address

33
Q

define process name

A

name of process which is translated into an identifier

34
Q

define daemons

A

system programs, special-purpose, server

35
Q

define shared-memory model

A

use system calls to create and gain access to regions of memory owned by other processes

36
Q

define protection

A

provides a mechanism for controlling access to the resources provided by a computer system

37
Q

list computer hierarchy from least to greatest

A

hardware –> OS –> system programs –> application programs

38
Q

define system programs

A

system utilities; provide a convenient environment for program development and execution

39
Q

define file management

A

programs create/copy/delete/receive and manipulate files and directories

40
Q

define status information

A

use a registry which stores/receive configuration information

41
Q

define file modification

A

there are special commands to search and modify files

42
Q

define programming-language support

A

compilers, assemblers, debuggers, and interpreters

43
Q

define program loading/execution

A

must be loaded into memory to be executed

44
Q

define communications

A

creating virtual connections among processes, users, and computer systems

45
Q

define background services

A

services, subsystems, or daemons

46
Q

define mechanisms

A

determine HOW to do something

47
Q

define policies

A

determine what will be done

48
Q

why are policies important

A

for all resource allocation

49
Q

what does the kernel do through system calls

A
  • provides the file system
  • cpu scheduling
  • memory management
  • other OS functions
50
Q

what is the bottom layer of OS

A

hardware

51
Q

what is the highest layer of OS

A

user interface

52
Q

what are problems with layered approach of OS

A

less efficient, hard to define the various layers

53
Q

define MACH

A

operating system that modularized the kernel using the microkernel approach

54
Q

name a benefit of the microkernel approach

A

easier to port from one hardware design to another

55
Q

define loadable kernel modules

A

kernel to provide core services while other services are implemented dynamically, as the kernel is running, more flexible than a layered approach, more efficient

56
Q

7 types of loadable kernel modules

A
  1. scheduling classes
  2. file systems
  3. loadable system calls
  4. executable formats
  5. stream modules
  6. miscellaneous
  7. device and bus drivers
57
Q

define kernel extensions

A

I/O kit for development of device drivers and dynamically loadable modules

58
Q

define iOS

A

closed-sourced, structured on MAC OS X but does not directly run MAC OS X applications, used for mobile devices, such as touch screens

59
Q

define android

A

open-source, layered

60
Q

define core dump

A

capture of the memory of the process

61
Q

define crash

A

failure in kernel

62
Q

define crash dump

A

where memory of log file is saved to

63
Q

define trace listings

A

provide traces of all ‘significant’ events where errors are tracked

64
Q

define Dtrace

A

facility that dynamically adds probes to a running, both in user process and in the kernel

65
Q

define profiling

A

periodically sampling the instruction pointer to determine which code is being executed shows statistical trends but not individual activities

66
Q

define system generation (SYSGEN)

A

process for specific computer

67
Q

define booting system

A

starting computer by loading the kernel

68
Q

define bootstrap program or bootstrap loader

A

locates the kernel, loads to main memory, starts its execution

69
Q

define GRUB

A

open-source bootstrap program for LINUX systems

70
Q

define boot disk or system disk

A

disk with partition

COEN 346: Operating Systems (5 decks)

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