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COEN 346: Operating Systems > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 components of a computer system?

A

Hardware, CPU, Memory, I/O Devices

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2
Q

Define Operating System

A

Controls hardware, similar to government in that it performs no useful function by itself, provides a workable environment

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3
Q

what type of OS when user sits in front of PC?

A

Ease of Use

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4
Q

what type of OS when user sits at terminal connected to a mainframe or mini-computer?

A

Resource utilization; equal share of CPU time, memory, and I/O devices

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5
Q

what type of OS when user sits at work stations and servers?

A

Compromise between ease of use and resource utilization

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6
Q

what is resource allocator?

A

especially important where many users access the same mainframe of computer

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7
Q

what is control program?

A

control program manages the execution of user programs to prevent errors concerning I/O devices

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8
Q

Moore’s Law

A

computers gained in functionality, and shrink in size, and decrease in cost

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9
Q

Kernel

A

Os running at all times

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10
Q

What are two types of programs?

A

Systems programs and application programs

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11
Q

Define Middleware

A

set of software frameworks that provide additional services to application developers

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12
Q

what is the initial program of OS?

A

boostrap program

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13
Q

R.O.M.

A

Read-only memory; storage that permanently stores data

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14
Q

EEPROM

A

electrically erasable programmable read-only memory known as firmware

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15
Q

example of firmware

A

smartphones

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16
Q

steps of general OS program

A
  1. bootstrap program locates OS kernel + load it into memory
  2. kernel provides services to system and its users
  3. interrupt from hardware or software
  4. CPU is interrupted; stops what it’s doing, and immediately transfers execution to a fixed location (fixed location contains starting address where service routine for interrupt is located)
  5. interrupt service routine executes, then CPU resumes the interrupted computation
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17
Q

Describe interrupts

A
  • need to be handed quickly
  • table of pointers used for speed
  • interrupt vector holds addresses
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18
Q

RAM

A

Random access memory (main memory); rewritable and commonly is implemented in a semiconductor technology called dynamic random access memory (DRAM)

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19
Q

DRAM

A

dynamic random access memory

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20
Q

2 instructions used in storage structure

A

store & load

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21
Q

what does load do?

A

load moves a byte or word from main memory to an internal register within CPU

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22
Q

what does store do?

A

stores moves the content of a register to main memory

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23
Q

2 important reasons that things don’t stay in main memory permanently.

A
  1. main memory is too small to store all data and programs permanently
  2. main memory is a volatile storage device that loses its content when power is switched off
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24
Q

what storage holds larger quantities of data permanently?

A

secondary storage such as disks, cache memory, etc.

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25
Q

which storage systems are volatile?

A

registers, cache, main memory

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26
Q

which storage systems use semi-conductor memory?

A

registers, cache, main memory, and solid-state disk

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27
Q

what storage systems are non-volatile?

A

solid-state disk, magnetic disk, optical disk, magnetic tapes

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28
Q

faster storage system?

A

registers

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29
Q

slower storage system?

A

magnetic tapes

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30
Q

what is an example of solid-state disk

A

flash memory, seen in cameras (slower than DRAM, but needs no power)

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31
Q

NVRAM

A

Non-volatile DRAM

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32
Q

describe a function of cache

A

caches can be installed to improve performance where a large disparity in access time or transfer rate exists between two components

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33
Q

SCSI controller

A

small computer systems interface; 7+ devices can be attached to it

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34
Q

define device controller

A

device controller maintains some local buffer storage + set of special purpose registers, moves data b/w peripheral devices that it controls + local buffer storage

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35
Q

steps of I/O operation

A
  1. to start, device driver loads the appropriate registers within device controller
  2. device controller examines the contents of these registers to determine what action to take
  3. controller starts transfer of data from device to local buffer
  4. once transfer is complete, device controller informs the device driver via and interrupt that it has finished its operation
  5. device driver returns control to OS
36
Q

DMA

A

Direct Memory Address

37
Q

when is DMA more effective?

A

when some high-end systems use switch rather than bus

38
Q

Other names associated to multiprocessor systems

A

parallel systems or multicore systems

39
Q

3 main advantages of multiprocessor systems

A
  1. increased throughput (increased number of process, increase work in less time)
  2. economy scale (cheaper than multiple single processor systems
  3. increased reliability (more processes does not make it shut down, just slows down a bit)
40
Q

Define graceful degradation

A

ability to continue providing service proportional to level of surviving hardware

41
Q

what are systems that go beyond graceful degradation

A

fault tolerant (continue operation with a failure of a single component)

42
Q

What are two types of multiprocessing?

A
  1. Asymmetric multiprocessing

2. symmetric muliprocessing (smp)

43
Q

Describe Asymmetric multiprocessing

A

each processor is assigned to a specific task, boss processor controls system, workers look to boss for instructions or have predefined tasks

44
Q

Describe Symmetric Multiprocessing

A

all processes are peers, each processor has its own set of registers, many processes can run simultaneously

45
Q

Define Multicore

A

multiple computing cores on a single chip , and it uses significantly less power than multiple singlecore

46
Q

blade servers

A

multiple processor boards, I/O boards, and networking boards, are placed in the same chasis

47
Q

what are clustered systems?

A

multiprocessor systems, gathers together multiple CPUs

48
Q

define clustering

A

usually used to provide high availability service, done so by adding a level of redundancy, can be asymmetric or symmetric

49
Q

define asymmetrical clustering

A

one machine is in hot-standby mode while the other is running applications (hot standby machine only monitors active server, if server fails, hot standby host becomes the active server)

50
Q

define symmetrical clustering

A

2+ hosts are running applications, more efficient

51
Q

define parallelization

A

divides a program into separate components that run in parallel on individual computers in the cluster

52
Q

DLM

A

Distributed lock manager; function that locks to ensure no conflicting operations occur

53
Q

how is multiprogramming beneficial?

A

increases CPU utilization by organizing jobs so CPU always has one to execute

54
Q

why are jobs initially kept on the disk in job pool

A

main memory is too small

55
Q

define time-sharing (or multi-tasking)

A

logical extension of multi-programming and requires an interactive computer system which provides direct communication between user and the system

56
Q

define process

A

a program loaded into memory and executing

57
Q

define swapping

A

processes are swapped in and out of main memory to the disk

58
Q

define virtual memory

A

enables users to run programs that are larger than actual physical memory

59
Q

define trap ( or exception)

A

software-generated interrupt caused by either an error or specific request from user program

60
Q

what are 2 separate modes of operation?

A
  1. user mode (1)

2. kernel mode (0): supervisor/privileged/system mode)

61
Q

steps of operation using modes:

A
  1. mode bit is added to the hardware of the computer to indicate current mode
  2. distinguish between a task that is executed on behalf of OS or user
    1. if user then user mode
    1. if OS then step 3
  5. system must transmit from user to kernel mode to execute system call
62
Q

purpose of dual mode?

A

protect OS from errant users, and errant users from each other

63
Q

what are privileged instructions?

A

they can only be executed in kernel mode, if it attempts in user mode then it treats it as illegal and traps it to OS

64
Q

define timer

A

timer is set to interrupt computer after a specific period of time in the event of an infinite loop, prevents a user program from running too long

65
Q

define single-threaded process

A

has one program counter specifying the next instruction to execute

66
Q

define file management

A

one fo the most visible components of OS

67
Q

define caching

A

information is temporarily copied into a faster storage system - the cache. the management is an important design problem because of limited size

68
Q

define cache coherency

A

update a value of ‘A’ in one cache is immediately reflected in all other caches where ‘A’ resides

69
Q

how can protection improve reliability?

A

Detects latent errors at the interfaces b/w component systems

70
Q

Define Bitmaps

A

string of n binary digits that can be used to represent the status of n items

71
Q

Define disk blocks

A

medium-sized disk drive divided into several thousand individual units v

72
Q

define accelerometer

A

detects tilting and shaking of device for augmented reality

73
Q

TCP/IP

A

most common network protocol

74
Q

LAN

A

local area network; within room, building

75
Q

WAN

A

wide area network; cities, countries

76
Q

MAN

A

Metropolitan-area network; metropolitan

77
Q

PAN

A

personal-area network; phone to headset

78
Q

define emulation

A

source CPU type is different from target CPU target

79
Q

VMM

A

virtual machine manager

80
Q

public cloud

A

cloud available to anyone willing to pay

81
Q

private cloud

A

run by company

82
Q

hybrid cloud

A

both private and public mix

83
Q

SaaS

A

Software as a service: 1st applications via internet ex. gmail

84
Q

Paas

A

Platform as a service: software stack ready for application ex. .net

85
Q

Iaas

A

Infrastructure as a service: servers/storage over internet ex.Icloud

COEN 346: Operating Systems (5 decks)

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