Chapter 2 Flashcards
The nervous system is made up of billions of ______ .
Neurons
What allows the nervous system to communicate outside with the environment as well as internally with itself?
Neurons
Neurons transmit impulses through ______ and ______ signals.
Chemical ; Electrical
The Central Nervous System is made up of what?
The brain and spinal cord.
The Peripheral Nervous System consists of?
Nerves that connect the spinal cord and brain to the rest of the human body.
Neurons form the core on the nervous system which contains nervous system which consists of what?
The brain, spinal cord, and peripheral ganglia.
What are the 3 main parts of a neuron?
Cell body (soma), axon, and dendrites.
These respond to forces such as motion, sound waves, pressure, stretching and touch.
Mechanoreceptors (NS)
What senses the various distortions in the human body?
Mechanoreceptors (NS)
Training the body’s proprioceptive abilities will improve what?
Balance, coordination, and posture, and enable the body to adapt to its surroundings without consciously thinking about what movement is most appropriate for any given situation.
What are able to detect the length of a muscle and how fast it changes length? And what does that help regulate?
Muscle Spindles; This helps to regulate the contraction of muscles by way of the stretch reflex mechanism.
Muscle Spindles’ purpose is to help prevent and protect what?
over stretching that could lead to muscular damage.
These are sensory receptors that sit parallel to muscular fibers.
Muscle Spindles (NS)
These are found where tendons attached to skeletal muscular fibers.
Golgi Tendon Organs (GTO)
Golgi Tendon Organs (GTO) can sense the change in what?
Can sense the change in muscular tension and the rate that this tension changes.
When you activate the Golgi tendon organ it will cause a muscle to ______. This is to help prevent what?
Relax; to help prevent injury from excess stress and contraction.
Which receptors are located around the joint capsule.
Joint Receptors (NS)
Joint receptors respond to ______, ______, and ______ at the joint.
Acceleration; deceleration; pressure
Joint receptors are able to sense what in order to prevent injuries?
They are able to sense extreme joint positions and send signals.
Human Movement is accomplished through the functional integration of which three systems?
Nervous, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems
Nervous, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems must work together or be linked (____) to produce motion (_____ or human movement.
Chain; Kinetic
The Skeletal System provides the shape ad form for our bodies in addition to what?
Supporting, protecting, allowing bodily movement, producing blood for the body, and storing minerals.
Type I Muscle fiber is know as _____ twitch.
Slow
Type II Muscle fiber is known as _____ twitch.
Fast
Type I Muscle Fiber are also known as ______ fibers.
Endurance
Type I Muscle Fiber
Slow Twitch. AKA Endurance Fibers. They are smaller, produce less power, receive more oxygen and are more mitochondrial dense.
Type II Muscle Fiber
Fast Twitch. These do not have as much endurance, have less oxygen delivery, have short-term contractions, can produce more force and power and are larger than type I fibers.
Type IIx Muscle Fiber
These have a low oxidative capacity and or quick to fatigue.
Type IIa Muscle Fiber
These have a higher oxidative capacity and will fatigue slower than type IIx. Another name for these is intermediate fast twitch muscle fibers.
Type IIa is aka ________ muscle fibers.
Intermediate Fast Twitch
Excitation-contraction coupling is aka
Sliding filament theory
5 steps of Excitation-contraction coupling (Sliding Filament Theory)
- Ach is released and binds with receptors that starts an action potential down the T Tubula.
- This action potential initiates a calcium release (Ca2+).
- The calcium then binds with troponin which stops the blocking action of tribal myosin that exposes the active binding site for actin.
- The next thing that occurs is contraction by the myosin cross bridges that alternately detach and attach to actin. This brings the filaments closer to the middle of the sarcomere. In order for actin and myosin to detach every quires ATP.
- The last step is that Tropomyosin comes back to its location and covers the actin active site. At this point, no more contractions happen.
The 4 Primary Functions that muscles are categorized into.
Agonist, Synergist, Stabilizer, Antagonist.
Muscle function of the Agonist
Prime Mover
Muscle function of the Synergist
Assist prime mover.
Muscle function of the Stabilizer
Stabilize while prime mover and synergist work. These help with stabilizing the joints and the body during movement.
Muscle function of the Antagonist
Oppose prime mover. These muscles relax in order to permit the prime mover to do its work.
