Chapter 2 Flashcards
anything that occupies space and has mass
matter
gas, liquid, or soild
the states of matter
smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of the element
atoms
forms when atoms are joined together by chemical bonds. smallest unit of a compound
molecule
the way atoms join together to form molecules. the atoms are sharing or transferring electrons between them. three types: covalent, ionic, and hydrogen
chemical bonds
a strong chemical bond formed when atoms share electons
covalent bonds
formed when electrons are transferred
ionic bonds
more of an electrostatic attraction than a true bond because electrons are neither shared nor transferred
hydrogen bonds
involves the formation and breaking of the chemical bonds
chemical reaction
a new and more complex chemical is made by combining multiple smaller molecules or elements together.
synthesis reaction
a single chemical is broken down into multiple, smaller, chemical units
decomposition reaction
certain atoms exchanged between molecules combination of synthesis and decomposition reaction bonds are broken and made.
exchange reaction
the energy required for the reaction to happen
activation energy
special proteins that hold the reactants together so they may interact.
catlyst
large complex molecules that contain carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds
organic compounds
rarely contain carbon and do not contain c-c or c-h bonds
inorganic molecules
collection of atoms that may be attached to the carbon chains and determine the functionality of the molecule as a whole
functional group
chemicals added to water
solutes
the combination of the chemicals plus water
solution
molecules that do not mix well with water
hydrophobic
mineral compounds that have ionic bonds, and they are the principal form of minerals that enter and are stored in the body
salts
salts in their ionic form
electrolytes
ionically bonded substances that when added to water freely release hydrogen ions. called proton donors
acids
alkaline compounds that are ionically bonded, also ionize in water but release hydroxyl ion not hydrogen ions. known as proton acceptors.
bases
acidity and alkalinity are measured on a scale
ph scale
weak acids and bases are those that do not completely ionize in water. they help keep chemical reactions in the ph neutral range
buffers
large molecules containing carbon
organic compounds
long complex molecules often with repeating units
macromolecules
composed of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. used for energy, storage of energy and cellular structures
carbohydrates
simplest form of a carbohydrate. conatin three to seven carbon atoms in a chain or ring.
simple sugar or monosaccharide
