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Animal Anatomy and Physiology 1 & 2 > Animal Anatomy and physiology > Flashcards

Animal Anatomy and physiology Flashcards

EXAM FLASHCARDS

1
Q

Carry blood away from the heart.

Two types: Elastic and muscular

A

Arteries

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2
Q

the process of drawing air into the lungs what we commonly call inhalation

A

inspiration

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3
Q

where external respiration takes place, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood and air

A

alveoli

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4
Q

heart condition where one or more of the cardiac valves dont close all the way. When this happens a murmur is produced

A

valvular insufficiency

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5
Q

the large vein that brings de-oxygenated blood from the systemic circulation to the heart

A

vena cava

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6
Q

trunk of the body, formed by the rib cage and the abdomen, the outside of the ribs

A

barrel

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7
Q

starts with the bronchi, ends with the alveoli, and includes all the air passageways in between. All the structures are located within the lungs

A

lower respiratory tract

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8
Q

has three main functions: transportation, regulation, and defense. fluid connective tissue that flows throughout the entire body.

A

Blood

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9
Q

the blood contained in the cardiovascular system

A

Whole Blood

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10
Q

Whole blood circulating in blood vessels carrying oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials.
When you obtain an animals blood sample from a vein or artery you are taking this type of blood

A

Peripheral Blood

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11
Q

Filters blood and produces a hormone called erythropoietin which simulates Red bone marrow to increase production of oxygen-carrying red blood cells.
failure often accompanies anemia

A

kidneys

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12
Q

skeletal muscles are attached to bones at both ends by tough, fibrous connective tissue bands

A

tendons

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13
Q

the left and right halves of an animal’s body are essentially mirror images of each other. EX: kidneys, lungs, and legs

A

Bilateral symmetry

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14
Q

area at the base of the neck between the frount legs that covers the cranial end of the sternum (chest)

A

brisket

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15
Q

Very heavy dense and stong. Makes up shafts of long bones and outside layer of all bones

A

compact bones

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16
Q

long, flat, abdominal organ located near the first portion of the small intestine has both exocrine and
Produces three hormones: insulin, somatostatin, and glucagon

A

Pancreas

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17
Q

named for their proximity to the kidneys. Located near the cranial ends of the kidneys.

A

adreanal glands

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18
Q

Cells that form bone. They secrete the matrix of bone and then supply the minerals necessary to harden it

A

Osteoblasts

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19
Q

arterioles branch into many microscopic blood vessels. do not occur singly but in groups called beds or networks

A

capillaries

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20
Q

makes hormone that helps maintain blood calcium homrostasis, found in on, or near thyroid glands.

A

parathyroid glands

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21
Q

the process of pushing air out of the lungs

A

expiration

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22
Q

the rate of alternating streching and recoiling of the elastic fibers in an artery as blood passes through it with each heartbeat

A

pulse

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23
Q

in order to get the blood to the heart the capillaries join together to form these tiny veins

A

Venules

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24
Q

Are responsible for bringing the heart nourishment and oxygen and carrying away waste materials

A

coronary arteries & coronary veins

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25
Q

contains the brain and spinal cord that is the central nervous system. Consists of two parts: A somewhat spherical cranial cavity in the skull and a long narrow spinal cavity running down the spine

A

dorsal body cavity

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26
Q

the most complex level of body organization groups of organs that are involved in a common set of activities
Ex: digestive system

A

organ systems

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27
Q

large metacarpal or metatarsal bone of hoofed animals

A

cannon

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28
Q

joint between cannon bone and proximal phalanx of hoofed animals

A

fetlock

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29
Q

toward the body. This end of the tail attached it to the body it is also called the tailhead

A

proximal

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30
Q

made up of four dense fibrous connective tissue rings and has four primary functions: separates the atria and ventricles, anchors the heart valves, provides some electrical insulation between the atria and the ventricles

A

skeleton of the heart

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31
Q

in humans superior is used in place of cranial

A

superior

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32
Q

in humans is used in place of caudal

A

inferior

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33
Q

there are four that control the blood flow through the heart : 1.) mitral 2.) tricuspial 3.) aortic valve 4.)pulmonary

A

valves of the heart

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34
Q

only found in the heart involuntary striated muscle. called involuntary because its contractions are not under conscious control. The striated part of the name is given because under the microscope its cells have the same kind of striped appearance as skeletal muscle cells

A

Cardiac Muscle

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35
Q

there are four chambers or cavities. two atria the receive blood into the heart, and two ventricles that pump blood out of the heart

A

chambers of the heart

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36
Q

in humans takes the place of ventral meaning toward the belly or down direction

A

anterior

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37
Q

away from the median plane. The medial surface of an animals leg i the one closest to its body. The lateral surface of the leg is the outer surface

A

lateral

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38
Q

toward the tail, a horses shoulder is located cranial to its hip. the caudal end of the sterum (breastbone) is called the xiphoid process

A

caudal

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39
Q

the volume of blood that is ejected out of the left ventricle oven a unit of time. Usually 1 minute. In a healthy animal it has to be sufficient to supply oxygen and nutrients throughout the animals body.

A

cardiac output

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40
Q

used only to describe positions or directions on the head or toward the tip of the nose.

A

rostral

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41
Q

toward the head

A

cranial

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42
Q

in humans takes the place of dorsal meaning toward the back

A

posterior

43
Q

means toward the belly (bottom surface) of a standing animal

A

ventral

44
Q

toward the back (top surface) of a standing animal

A

dorsal

45
Q

also known as thrombocytes. They are not complete cells, but are pieces of cytoplasm that bud off from giant, multinucleated bone marrow cells called megakaroycytes and are sent into the circulation.

A

platelets

46
Q

means toward the median plane

A

medial

47
Q

the general term for the formation of white blood cells.

A

leukopoiesis

48
Q

production of platelets, begins when a specific stimulant acts on the unipotential stem cell in the red bone marrow causing it to differentiate into a megakaryocyte

A

thrombopoiesis

49
Q

the process by which red blood cells are created

A

erythropoiesis

50
Q

relatively thin and flat Ex: skull bones, shoulder blades, and pelvic bones

A

Flat Bones

51
Q

moves the bones of the skeleton only found in the heart. Called voluntary because it is under the control of the conscious mind

A

skeletal muscle or voluntary striated muscle

52
Q
  1. ) transporting oxygen to tissues
  2. ) transporting carbon dioxide to the lungs
  3. ) maintaining cell shape and deformability
A

the three main functions of red blood cells

53
Q

contains most of the soft organs, much larger then the dorsal cavity, divided by the thin diaphram muscle into cranial thoracic cavity, also known as the thorax or chest, also known as the adbomen

A

ventral body cavity

54
Q

sometimes called spongy bone because it looks like a sponge. Consists of tiny spicules of bone that appear random arranged with lots of spaces between them

A

cancellous bone

55
Q

transmits information around the body and controls body functions. transmits sensory information from the body to the brain, processes the information and sends instructions out to tell the body how to react to changing conditions

A

nervous tissue

56
Q

found all over the body but not in distinct structures like skeletal muscles and the heart. found in two main forms: large sheets of cells in the walls of some hollow organs and as a small discrete group of cells

A

smooth muscle

57
Q

the production of all blood cells that occurs as a continuous process throughout an animals life

A

hematopoiesis

58
Q

receive blood from large veins that carry blood to the heart. When filled with blood the walls contract and force blood through one-way valves into the ventricles

A

atria

59
Q

make up 5% to 6% of the circulating white blood cells in all common domestic species. are the largest blood cells in circulation.

A

monocytes

60
Q

account for 40% to 75% of circulating leukocytes and are most abundant white blood cell type in the blood of dogs, cats, and horses.

A

neutrophils

61
Q

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle during one contraction or systole. another name for the stroke volume is systolic discharge

A

stroke volume (sv)

62
Q

consists of two parts called lobes. composed of tens of thousands of tiny follicles where thyroid hormone is produce. thyroid hormone is what controls the body’s heat

A

thyroid gland

63
Q

area dorsal to scapulas

A

withers

64
Q

holds the body together and gives it support. ranges from very soft, such as adipose tissue to very firm such as cartilage and bone

A

connective tissue

65
Q

heart condition where any one or more of the cardiac valves dont open all the way. again a murmur is produced by turbulent blood flow

A

valvular stenosis

66
Q

away from the body. The toes are located on the distal end of the leg

A

distal

67
Q

the back surface of the front leg from the carpus distally

A

palmar surface

68
Q

provide communication between leukocytes and other cells. part of the innate immune system. signaling proteins

A

cytokines

69
Q

a group of 30+ plasma proteins mostly inactive proteolytic, which are always present in plasma

A

complement system

70
Q

two kidneys. two ureters. one bladder. one urethra

A

parts of the urinary system

71
Q

one way the body can remove pathogens in the blood fulids and the body tissues. Includes 5 steps 1.) activation and chemotaxis 2.) attachment 3.)ingestion or endocytosis 4.) destruction 5.) exocytosis

A

phagocytosis

72
Q

make up of groups of tissues that work together for common purpose Ex: kidney brain, heart, and uterus

A

organs

73
Q

moves the body inside and out, It exsits as three types: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.

A

muscle tissue

74
Q

the bodys localized reaction created by the innate immune system in response to trauma, infection, chemical exposure, or excessive heat. The four signs are: redness, swelling, heat, and pain

A

inflammation

75
Q

when cells group together. The entire animals body is made up of only four basic types: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

A

tissues

76
Q

lateral surface of the abdomen between the last rib and the hind legs (where cinch goes on a horse)

A

flank

77
Q

carpus of hoofed animals

A

knee

78
Q

composed entirely of cells, and its main jobs are to cover body surfaces, secrete materials, and absorb materials.

A

epithelial tissue

79
Q

used to replace fluid or blood that has been lost or destroyed. involves taking blood or a blood component from a donor animal and injecting it into recipient animal

A

transfusion therapy

80
Q

rostral part of the face formed mainly by the maxillary and nasal bones

A

muzzle

81
Q

toward center of the body or body part

A

deep/internal

82
Q

nodules of lymphoid tissue that are not covered with a capsule. they are found epithelial surfaces all over the body. prevent the spread of infection into the respiratory and digestive systems

A

Tonsils

83
Q

the soft tissue interior of the spleen is divided into two areas, white pulp and red pulp

A

spleen tissue

84
Q

can clone themselves during immune response

A

white pulp spleen tissue

85
Q

filters out antigens and other foreign material from lymph and remove dead, dying, and abnormal red blood cells.

A

red pulp spleen tissue

86
Q

a tongue-shaped organ located on the left side of the abdomen. near the stomach in simple-stomach animals and near the rumen in ruminants. stores red blood cells and produces red blood cells during fetal development. also filters the blood and lymph

A

spleen

87
Q

a substance derived from food that is used by the body to carry out all of its normal functions. divided into 6 categories: water, carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals

A

nutrients

88
Q

do not fir into the long, short, or flat categories

Ex: vertebrae, sesamoid bones, and patella

A

irregular bones

89
Q

a depressed or sunken area on the surface of a bone. usually occupied by muscles or tendons

A

fossa

90
Q

a hole in a bone. usually something such as a nerve or blood vessel passes through

A

formen

91
Q

longer then they are wide. most bones of the limbs

Ex: femur and humerus

A

long bones

92
Q

shaped like small cubes or marshmellows. consist of a core of spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone
Ex: carpal and tarsal bones

A

short bones

93
Q

small, kidney bean shaped filters located at various points along lymphatic vessels. they trap antigens and other foreign material

A

lymph nodes

94
Q

found only in birds and is similar in structure and function to the thymus. round sac that sits right above the cloaca

A

bursa of fabricius

95
Q

starts out as excess tissue fluid that is picked up by small lymph capillaries found in the interstitial spaces of soft tissue. classified as primary and secondary

A

lymph/ lymphoid

96
Q

provides defense for the body against foreign invaders

A

white blood cells

97
Q

number of times the ventricle contracts or beats in 1 minute. based in part on the rate at which the SA node spontaneously depolarizes

A

Heart Rate (HR)

98
Q

the joint between the femur and the tibia

A

stifle

99
Q

top of head between the bases of the ears

A

poll

100
Q

the caudal end of the sternum (breastbone)

A

xiphoid process

101
Q

area of the proximal phalanx of hoofed animals

A

pastern

102
Q

includes: nose, nasal passages, throat, voice box, and wind pipe. all of the air that enters and leaves the lungs goes through this

A

upper respiratory tract

103
Q

a tube that exsits the kidney at the hilus and connects to the urinary bladder near the neck of the bladder at its caudal end.

A

ureters

Animal Anatomy and Physiology 1 & 2 (4 decks)

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