Animal Anatomy and physiology Flashcards
EXAM FLASHCARDS
Carry blood away from the heart.
Two types: Elastic and muscular
Arteries
the process of drawing air into the lungs what we commonly call inhalation
inspiration
where external respiration takes place, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood and air
alveoli
heart condition where one or more of the cardiac valves dont close all the way. When this happens a murmur is produced
valvular insufficiency
the large vein that brings de-oxygenated blood from the systemic circulation to the heart
vena cava
trunk of the body, formed by the rib cage and the abdomen, the outside of the ribs
barrel
starts with the bronchi, ends with the alveoli, and includes all the air passageways in between. All the structures are located within the lungs
lower respiratory tract
has three main functions: transportation, regulation, and defense. fluid connective tissue that flows throughout the entire body.
Blood
the blood contained in the cardiovascular system
Whole Blood
Whole blood circulating in blood vessels carrying oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials.
When you obtain an animals blood sample from a vein or artery you are taking this type of blood
Peripheral Blood
Filters blood and produces a hormone called erythropoietin which simulates Red bone marrow to increase production of oxygen-carrying red blood cells.
failure often accompanies anemia
kidneys
skeletal muscles are attached to bones at both ends by tough, fibrous connective tissue bands
tendons
the left and right halves of an animal’s body are essentially mirror images of each other. EX: kidneys, lungs, and legs
Bilateral symmetry
area at the base of the neck between the frount legs that covers the cranial end of the sternum (chest)
brisket
Very heavy dense and stong. Makes up shafts of long bones and outside layer of all bones
compact bones
long, flat, abdominal organ located near the first portion of the small intestine has both exocrine and
Produces three hormones: insulin, somatostatin, and glucagon
Pancreas
named for their proximity to the kidneys. Located near the cranial ends of the kidneys.
adreanal glands
Cells that form bone. They secrete the matrix of bone and then supply the minerals necessary to harden it
Osteoblasts
arterioles branch into many microscopic blood vessels. do not occur singly but in groups called beds or networks
capillaries
makes hormone that helps maintain blood calcium homrostasis, found in on, or near thyroid glands.
parathyroid glands
the process of pushing air out of the lungs
expiration
the rate of alternating streching and recoiling of the elastic fibers in an artery as blood passes through it with each heartbeat
pulse
in order to get the blood to the heart the capillaries join together to form these tiny veins
Venules
Are responsible for bringing the heart nourishment and oxygen and carrying away waste materials
coronary arteries & coronary veins
contains the brain and spinal cord that is the central nervous system. Consists of two parts: A somewhat spherical cranial cavity in the skull and a long narrow spinal cavity running down the spine
dorsal body cavity
the most complex level of body organization groups of organs that are involved in a common set of activities
Ex: digestive system
organ systems
large metacarpal or metatarsal bone of hoofed animals
cannon
joint between cannon bone and proximal phalanx of hoofed animals
fetlock
toward the body. This end of the tail attached it to the body it is also called the tailhead
proximal
made up of four dense fibrous connective tissue rings and has four primary functions: separates the atria and ventricles, anchors the heart valves, provides some electrical insulation between the atria and the ventricles
skeleton of the heart
in humans superior is used in place of cranial
superior
in humans is used in place of caudal
inferior
there are four that control the blood flow through the heart : 1.) mitral 2.) tricuspial 3.) aortic valve 4.)pulmonary
valves of the heart
only found in the heart involuntary striated muscle. called involuntary because its contractions are not under conscious control. The striated part of the name is given because under the microscope its cells have the same kind of striped appearance as skeletal muscle cells
Cardiac Muscle
there are four chambers or cavities. two atria the receive blood into the heart, and two ventricles that pump blood out of the heart
chambers of the heart
in humans takes the place of ventral meaning toward the belly or down direction
anterior
away from the median plane. The medial surface of an animals leg i the one closest to its body. The lateral surface of the leg is the outer surface
lateral
toward the tail, a horses shoulder is located cranial to its hip. the caudal end of the sterum (breastbone) is called the xiphoid process
caudal
the volume of blood that is ejected out of the left ventricle oven a unit of time. Usually 1 minute. In a healthy animal it has to be sufficient to supply oxygen and nutrients throughout the animals body.
cardiac output
used only to describe positions or directions on the head or toward the tip of the nose.
rostral
toward the head
cranial
in humans takes the place of dorsal meaning toward the back
posterior
means toward the belly (bottom surface) of a standing animal
ventral
toward the back (top surface) of a standing animal
dorsal
also known as thrombocytes. They are not complete cells, but are pieces of cytoplasm that bud off from giant, multinucleated bone marrow cells called megakaroycytes and are sent into the circulation.
platelets
means toward the median plane
medial
the general term for the formation of white blood cells.
leukopoiesis
production of platelets, begins when a specific stimulant acts on the unipotential stem cell in the red bone marrow causing it to differentiate into a megakaryocyte
thrombopoiesis
the process by which red blood cells are created
erythropoiesis
relatively thin and flat Ex: skull bones, shoulder blades, and pelvic bones
Flat Bones
moves the bones of the skeleton only found in the heart. Called voluntary because it is under the control of the conscious mind
skeletal muscle or voluntary striated muscle
- ) transporting oxygen to tissues
- ) transporting carbon dioxide to the lungs
- ) maintaining cell shape and deformability
the three main functions of red blood cells
contains most of the soft organs, much larger then the dorsal cavity, divided by the thin diaphram muscle into cranial thoracic cavity, also known as the thorax or chest, also known as the adbomen
ventral body cavity
sometimes called spongy bone because it looks like a sponge. Consists of tiny spicules of bone that appear random arranged with lots of spaces between them
cancellous bone
transmits information around the body and controls body functions. transmits sensory information from the body to the brain, processes the information and sends instructions out to tell the body how to react to changing conditions
nervous tissue
found all over the body but not in distinct structures like skeletal muscles and the heart. found in two main forms: large sheets of cells in the walls of some hollow organs and as a small discrete group of cells
smooth muscle
the production of all blood cells that occurs as a continuous process throughout an animals life
hematopoiesis
receive blood from large veins that carry blood to the heart. When filled with blood the walls contract and force blood through one-way valves into the ventricles
atria
make up 5% to 6% of the circulating white blood cells in all common domestic species. are the largest blood cells in circulation.
monocytes
account for 40% to 75% of circulating leukocytes and are most abundant white blood cell type in the blood of dogs, cats, and horses.
neutrophils
the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle during one contraction or systole. another name for the stroke volume is systolic discharge
stroke volume (sv)
consists of two parts called lobes. composed of tens of thousands of tiny follicles where thyroid hormone is produce. thyroid hormone is what controls the body’s heat
thyroid gland
area dorsal to scapulas
withers
holds the body together and gives it support. ranges from very soft, such as adipose tissue to very firm such as cartilage and bone
connective tissue
heart condition where any one or more of the cardiac valves dont open all the way. again a murmur is produced by turbulent blood flow
valvular stenosis
away from the body. The toes are located on the distal end of the leg
distal
the back surface of the front leg from the carpus distally
palmar surface
provide communication between leukocytes and other cells. part of the innate immune system. signaling proteins
cytokines
a group of 30+ plasma proteins mostly inactive proteolytic, which are always present in plasma
complement system
two kidneys. two ureters. one bladder. one urethra
parts of the urinary system
one way the body can remove pathogens in the blood fulids and the body tissues. Includes 5 steps 1.) activation and chemotaxis 2.) attachment 3.)ingestion or endocytosis 4.) destruction 5.) exocytosis
phagocytosis
make up of groups of tissues that work together for common purpose Ex: kidney brain, heart, and uterus
organs
moves the body inside and out, It exsits as three types: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.
muscle tissue
the bodys localized reaction created by the innate immune system in response to trauma, infection, chemical exposure, or excessive heat. The four signs are: redness, swelling, heat, and pain
inflammation
when cells group together. The entire animals body is made up of only four basic types: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
tissues
lateral surface of the abdomen between the last rib and the hind legs (where cinch goes on a horse)
flank
carpus of hoofed animals
knee
composed entirely of cells, and its main jobs are to cover body surfaces, secrete materials, and absorb materials.
epithelial tissue
used to replace fluid or blood that has been lost or destroyed. involves taking blood or a blood component from a donor animal and injecting it into recipient animal
transfusion therapy
rostral part of the face formed mainly by the maxillary and nasal bones
muzzle
toward center of the body or body part
deep/internal
nodules of lymphoid tissue that are not covered with a capsule. they are found epithelial surfaces all over the body. prevent the spread of infection into the respiratory and digestive systems
Tonsils
the soft tissue interior of the spleen is divided into two areas, white pulp and red pulp
spleen tissue
can clone themselves during immune response
white pulp spleen tissue
filters out antigens and other foreign material from lymph and remove dead, dying, and abnormal red blood cells.
red pulp spleen tissue
a tongue-shaped organ located on the left side of the abdomen. near the stomach in simple-stomach animals and near the rumen in ruminants. stores red blood cells and produces red blood cells during fetal development. also filters the blood and lymph
spleen
a substance derived from food that is used by the body to carry out all of its normal functions. divided into 6 categories: water, carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals
nutrients
do not fir into the long, short, or flat categories
Ex: vertebrae, sesamoid bones, and patella
irregular bones
a depressed or sunken area on the surface of a bone. usually occupied by muscles or tendons
fossa
a hole in a bone. usually something such as a nerve or blood vessel passes through
formen
longer then they are wide. most bones of the limbs
Ex: femur and humerus
long bones
shaped like small cubes or marshmellows. consist of a core of spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone
Ex: carpal and tarsal bones
short bones
small, kidney bean shaped filters located at various points along lymphatic vessels. they trap antigens and other foreign material
lymph nodes
found only in birds and is similar in structure and function to the thymus. round sac that sits right above the cloaca
bursa of fabricius
starts out as excess tissue fluid that is picked up by small lymph capillaries found in the interstitial spaces of soft tissue. classified as primary and secondary
lymph/ lymphoid
provides defense for the body against foreign invaders
white blood cells
number of times the ventricle contracts or beats in 1 minute. based in part on the rate at which the SA node spontaneously depolarizes
Heart Rate (HR)
the joint between the femur and the tibia
stifle
top of head between the bases of the ears
poll
the caudal end of the sternum (breastbone)
xiphoid process
area of the proximal phalanx of hoofed animals
pastern
includes: nose, nasal passages, throat, voice box, and wind pipe. all of the air that enters and leaves the lungs goes through this
upper respiratory tract
a tube that exsits the kidney at the hilus and connects to the urinary bladder near the neck of the bladder at its caudal end.
ureters
