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PH151 Lab > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Scientist involved in microscopy

A

Zacharias Jansen
Robert Hooke
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Joseph Jackson Lister

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2
Q

Year when electron microscope was created

A

1940

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3
Q

Units of measurement

A

Micrometer

Nanometer

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4
Q

1 micrometer is equal to what meter

A

10^-6 meter

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5
Q

1 nanometer is equal to what meter

A

10^-9 meter

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6
Q

Types of microscopes

A

Light microscope

Electron microscope

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7
Q

Uses light waves and mirrors

A

Light microscope

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8
Q

Uses electron beams and magnetic fields in vacuum for objects smaller than 0.2 micrometer in diameter

A

Electron microscope

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9
Q

Types of light microscopes

A

Simple

Compount or complex

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10
Q

Short focal length
Only 1 lens
Magnification ~300x

A

Simple light microscope

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11
Q

2 sets of lenses

Magnification ~1000x

A

Compound light microscope

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12
Q

Types of electron microscopes

A

Transmission electron

Scanning electron

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13
Q

What makes a good microscope?

A

Adequate magnifying power
High resolving power
Provide good contrast
Serves your purpose

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14
Q

Other types of light microscope

A 
Bright field
Dark field
UV
Fluorescence
Phase contrast
Differential interference contrast
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15
Q

Field is brightly lit
Objects under study are darker
Gross morphology

A

Bright field

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16
Q

Field is dark

Objects under study are luminous

A

Dark field

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17
Q

Dark field are for specimens that are:

A

Invisible in the ordinary light microscope
Cannot be stained bu standard methods
Distorted by staining

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18
Q

Shorter wavelength of light
(180nm-400nm)
Image made visible by photography or TV screen
Detection of substances (e.g. DNA)

A

UV

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19
Q

Modification of UV microscope

Detection of immunological reactions

A

Fluorescence

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20
Q

Fluorescence microscope makes use of

A

Fluorochromes

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21
Q

Fluorescent dye

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A

Antibody conjugate

22
Q

Detailed examination of internal structure
Not necessary to fix or stain cells
Principle is based on variations in the refractive indices

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A

Phase contrast microscope

23
Q

Priciple is based on variations in the refractive indices

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A

Differential interface contrast

24
Q

Advantage of differential interface contrast

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A

No diffraction halo associated with phase contrast

25
Disadvantage of differential interface contrast
The three-dimensional appearance may not represent reality
26
Types of electron microscopes
Transmission electron | Scanning electron
27
Examine viruses | Ultrastructure in thin sections of the cells
Transmission electron microscope
28
Surface features of viruses and cells | Reveals a 3-D image
Scanning electron microscope
29
Special EM stains
``` Osmic acid Permanganate Lead Uranium Lanthanum ```
30
Examination of microscopes
Living or natural state | Stained preparations
31
Disadvantage of living or natural state
Refractive index of cells almost similar to that of water
32
Techniques used in living or natural state
Wet mount | Hanging drop
33
Advantages of stained preparations
Provides contrast Slides can be preserved Specimens are killed
34
Disadvantages of stained preparations
More complicated and tedious to prepare | More expensive
35
3 basic steps in staining microorganisms
Smear preparation Fixation Staining
36
Types of fixation
Heat | Chemical
37
Examples of heat fixation
Direct flame | Steam fixation
38
Examples of chemical fixation
Alcohols
39
Purpose of fixation
Kills the cells Makes the cells sticky Increases apparent diameter of cells
40
Application of biological dye
Staining
41
Organic compound carrying chromophoric ions
Dye (stains)
42
Types of staining
Basic (positively charged dye) Acidic (negatively charged dye) Neutral
43
Mechanisms of staining
``` Absorption Adsorption Osmosis Capillary action Ion-exchange ```
44
Staining procedures
Simple Differential Structural
45
Only one dye is used
Simple staining
46
Cells colorless or luminous
Negative/indirect
47
2 or more dyes and/or reagents
Differential staining
48
Examples of differential staining
Gram staining | Acid fast staining
49
Gram Stainibg types
Gram negative | Gram positive
50
Used in the diagnosis of tuberculosis
Acid fast staining
51
2 or more dyes and/or reagents
Structural staining
52
Structures to be seen in structural staining
Endospore Capsule Flagella Storage granules

PH151 Lab (5 decks)

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