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Anatomy Exam 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

element

A

simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties

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2
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in its nucleus

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3
Q

6 elements make up 98.5% of body weight

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus

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4
Q

minerals

A

inorganic elements extracted from soil by plants and passes up food chain to humans

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5
Q

electrolytes

A

mineral salts needed for nerve and muscle function

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6
Q

nucleus

A

center of atom

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7
Q

protons

A

single positive charge

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8
Q

neutrons

A

no charge

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9
Q

electrons

A

single negative charge

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10
Q

Isotopes

A

differ only in the number of neutrons

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11
Q

radioisotopes

A

unstable isotopes that decay and give off radition

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12
Q

ionizing

A

can cause genetic mutations and cancer

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13
Q

physical half life

A

decay

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14
Q

biological half life

A

disappear from the body

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15
Q

sivert (Sv)

A

unit of radiation dosage

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16
Q

Madame Curie

A
  • 1st Nobel prize of woman

- first women in world to get Ph.D.

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17
Q

ions

A

charged particle (atoms or molecule) with unequal number of protons and electrons

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18
Q

ionization

A

transfer of electrons from one atom to another

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19
Q

anion

A
  • gains electrons

- negative charge

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20
Q

cation

A
  • loses electrons

- positive charge

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21
Q

electrolytes

A

substances that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electric current

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22
Q

free radicals

A
  • short lived particles with an unusual number of electrons

- can cause cancer death of heart tissue and aging

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23
Q

antioxidants

A

neutralize free radicals

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24
Q

molecule

A

chemical particles composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond

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25
Q

compound

A

molecule composed of two or more different elements

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26
Q

molecular formula

A

identifies constituent elements and how many atoms of each are present

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27
Q

structural formula

A

identifies location of each atom

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28
Q

isomers

A

different arrangement

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29
Q

molecular weight

A

sum of atomic weights of its atoms

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30
Q

chemical bond

A

holds atoms together within a molecule or attract one molecule to another

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31
Q

most important chemical bonds

A

ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, van der walls forces

32
Q

ionic bonds

A
  • strongest of all bonds

- attractions between anions and cations

33
Q

single covalent bonds

A

one pair of electrons shared

one from each atom

34
Q

double covalent bonds

A

two pairs of electrons are shared

35
Q

non polar bonds

A

electrons shared equally (strongest bond)

36
Q

polar bond

A

electrons shared unequally (spend more time near oxygen)

37
Q

hydrogen bond

A

a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another

38
Q

Van der Waals forces

A
  • weak brief attractions between neutral atoms
  • fluctuation in electron density within an atom creates polarity for a moments, and attracts adjacent atoms for a very short time
39
Q

mixtures

A

physically blended but not chemically combined

40
Q

adhesion

A

tendency of one substance to cling to another

41
Q

cohesion

A

tendency of like molecules to cling to each other

42
Q

Solutions Collides and Suspension

A

memorize pic on slide 41

43
Q

Acid

A

proton doner

44
Q

base

A

proton acceptor

45
Q

pH

A

measure derived from the molarity of H+

46
Q

pH of 7.0

A

neutral

47
Q

pH of less than 7.0

A

acidic

48
Q

pH of more than 7.0

A

basic

49
Q

buffers

A

chemical solution that resists changes in pH

50
Q

decomposition reactions

A

large molecules break down into two or more smaller molecules
AB –> A + B

51
Q

synthesis reactions

A

two or more small molecules combine to form large one

A + B –> AB

52
Q

exchange reaction

A

two molecules exchange atoms or group of atoms

AB+CD –> ABCD –> AC+BD

53
Q

reaction rates increase when

A
  • concentrated
  • temperature rises
  • catalyst is present
54
Q

Catabolism

A
  • energy releasing decomp reactions
55
Q

anabolism

A
  • energy storing synthesis reactions
56
Q

Lipids when solid

A

fat

57
Q

lipids when liquid

A

oil

58
Q

Macromolecule

A

large molecules high molecular weight

59
Q

polymers

A

many macromolecules made of reptiles series of identical or similar subunits (monomers_

60
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

monomers covalently bind together to form a polymer with the removal of water molecule (sweat)

61
Q

hydrolysis

A

splitting a polymer by the addition of water molecule

62
Q

fatty acids

A
  • saturated have a lot of hydrogen

- unsaturated double bonds between carbons in chain

63
Q

phospholipids

A

similar to neutral fats except one fatty acid is replaces by a phosphate group

64
Q

amphipathic

A
  • tails = hydrophobic hate water

- head = hydrophilic likes water

65
Q

HDL

A

good cholesterol

66
Q

LDL

A

bad cholesterol

67
Q

protein

A

a polymer of amino acids

68
Q

amino acids

A

central carbon with three attachments

69
Q

enzymes

A

speed up chemical reaction

70
Q

molecules

A

bind together forming enzyme substrate complex

71
Q

reusability of enzymes

A

enzymes are not consumed by the reactions

72
Q

astonishing speed

A

one enzyme molecule can consume millions of substrate molecules per minute

73
Q

temperature

A

ph and other factors can change enzyme shape and function

74
Q

3 components nucleotides

A
  • nitrogenous base
  • sugar
  • phosphate groups
75
Q

ATP

A
  • adenine
  • ribose aka sugar
  • phosphate groups (3)

Anatomy Exam 1 (2 decks)

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