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HMKN 190 > CHAPTER 2 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 elements that compose more than 90% of our body?

A

Hydrogen
Oxygen
Carbon
Nitrogen

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2
Q

What do Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen and Nitrogen form when they bond together?

A

Inorganic and Organic Compounds

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3
Q

Inorganic compounds?

A

water, phosphates, electrolytes, minerals, trace elements

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4
Q

Organic Compounds?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, nucleic acids

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5
Q

6——
C——-
Carbon——
12.0107——-

A
  • —atomic number
  • —Symbol
  • —Name
  • —Average atomic mass
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6
Q

atoms? and what are the composed of?

A

Smallest unit of matter which are composed of 3 particles, protons, neutrons and electrons

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7
Q

Element?

A

a type of atom that is defined by its atomic number

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8
Q

Atomic Number?

A

number of protons in its nucleus

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9
Q

what happens when there is a an even number of protons and electrons in an atom?

A

It has no net charge

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10
Q

What is the aspect of an element that distinguishes it from atoms of other elements?

A

Atomic number

ex: H=1 C=6 N=7

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11
Q

Atomic mass?

A

It is related to its number of protons, neutrons and electrons, but since electrons are so light, we say that atomic mass is just protons + neutrons

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12
Q

Atomic mass equation?

A

Atomic mass= n + p

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13
Q

Isotope?

A

Same element, but different in the number of neutrons

ex: C14= 8n + 6p

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14
Q

how many electrons can there be in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th shells?

A

1st: 2
2nd: 8
3rd: 8
4th: 18
5th: 18

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15
Q

Ionic bonds?

A

The definition of ionic bond is when a positively charged ion forms a bond with a negatively charged ions and one atom transfers electrons to another. An example of an ionic bond is the chemical compound Sodium Chloride.

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16
Q

Cation?

A

An ion with a + charge

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17
Q

Anion?

A

An ion with a - charge

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18
Q

Covalent bonds?

A

Covalent bonds are chemical bonds between two non-metal atoms. An example is water, where hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) bond together to make (H2O).

Sharing of 1 electron!!

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19
Q

What is the model for a covalent bond?

A

1 line (-)

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20
Q

What is a double bond?

A

sharing of 2 electrons

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21
Q

what is a triple bond?

A

sharing of 3 electrons

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22
Q

what is the model for a double bond?

A

=

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23
Q

what is the model for a triple bond?

A

three lines

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24
Q

Polar?

A

Uneven sharing of valence electrons

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25
Non polar?
Even sharing of valence electrons
26
Free radical?
An atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell
27
What can unstable free radicals do?
can disrupt nearby molecules leading to loss of function and perhaps cellular damage
28
What are sources of free radicals?
UV, Xrays, drying cleaning solvents
29
What can inactivate free radicals?
Antioxidants
30
Molecule?
when 2 or more atoms are bonded together
31
Solution?
is a mixture of both solutes and solvents.
32
solutes?
refers to the substances which are dissolved in the liquid
33
Solvent?
is the liquid where the solute dissolves
34
what does a hydrogen bond look like?
--------------
35
Acids?
A substance that dissociates into one or more H+ ions in water
36
Base?
A substance that dissociates into one or more OH- in water
37
What determines how acidic or basic a solution is?
The concentration of free H+ ions
38
what pH number is the most acidic?
1
39
what pH is neutral?
7
40
what pH number is most basic?
14
41
Salt?
dissociates into cations and anions (but aren't H+ or OH-)
42
The more H+ in a solution =
the more acidic
43
catabolism?
through the addition of water= hydrolisis
44
anabolism?
dehydration
45
Colloid?
suspended large molecules that scatter light
46
Concentration =
mole/L (avogadros number)
47
ATP name
Adenosine Triphosphate
48
ATP definition
is the source of usable energy for our cells= body energy currency
49
What does the body do with the energy made from ATP
They use it to do biological work
50
How is ATP made?
Made by capturing energy from molecules we ingest and storing this energy in the phosphate bonds of ATP
51
What happens when you remove a phosphate from ATP?
This releases energy that our cells use for physiological functions (ex: muscle contraction, nerve conduction...)
52
ADP name
Adenosine Diphosphate
53
Metabolism?
term used to describe all the chemical/energy transformations in the body
54
catabolism?
Chemical breakdown of substances into smaller ones, usually to form usable energy
55
anabolism
synthesis of more complex substances, which uses energy.
56
Synthesis reaction?
A+B = AB
57
Decomposition?
AB = A+B
58
What is nutrients functions?
Is used by the body for its life functions
59
6 nutrients?
Carbohydrates, lipids (fats), proteins, vitamins, minerals, water
60
What does carbohydrates contain?
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen in fixed proportion
61
Where are carbohydrates found?
Found in the body as hexoses (6C) and pentoses (5C)
62
What are carbohydrates main role?
Energy source
63
what is the most common carbohydrate?
glucose
64
Monosaccharides must be _______ to be absorbed
broken down
65
a monosaccharide is a ?
carbohydrate
66
Lipids?
Lipids are the second major nutrient that are non polar, hydrophobic molecules that are insoluble in water, but soluble in other lipids
67
3 states of lipids?
1. Triglycerides 2. Phospholipids 3. Steroids
68
Triglyceride?
Are a storage lipid, and represent a vast energy reserve in adipocytes, muscle and liver. They also serve to insulate, and cushion vital organs (protect)
69
Polar?
dissolves
70
what is a triglyceride composed of?
1 glycerol | 3 fatty aid chains
71
Glycerol is a molecule consisting of _____?
3 carbon atoms (one for each fatyy acid)
72
Fatty acids?
are long chains of carbon atoms with bound hydrogen atoms ( hydrocarbons)
73
What is at the end of each fatty acid?
a carboxylic ACID tail (-COOH)
74
If all the carbon bonds are single bonds, the FA is _____
saturated
75
If there is one double bond in the chain, the FA is ______
monounsaturated
76
If there is more than one double bond in the chain, the FA is ______
Polyunsaturated
77
Saturated fatty acids are called ____
Fats
78
Unsaturated fatty acids are called ____
oils
79
Hydrogenated oils?
are chemically altered oils in which some double bonds are converted into single bonds by the addition of hydrogen
80
What is an example of excess triglyceride storage?
obesity
81
Phospholipids are composed of____?
1 glycerol 1 phosphate group 2 fatty acids
82
Role of the phosphate group?
gives the molecule polarity, which is important for the formation of biological membranes (ex: plasma membrane of the cell) - also participate in the transport of lipids in blood plasma
83
In phospholipids, does the fatty acid end of the molecule dissolve in water? and does the phosphate end dissolve in water?
The fatty acid end does not dissolve in water (HYDROPHOBIC) Phosphate end does dissolve in water (HYDROPHILIC)
84
Steroids?
are different from other lipids, since they are composed of linked hydrocarbon rings
85
Cholesterol?
is used to synthesize steroid hormones (e.g. testosterone, estrogen, and cortisol), is a vital component in the cell membrane, and is used to make bile and vitamin D.
86
Low-density lipoproteins?
transport cholesterol from the liver to the rest of the body
87
High-density lipoproteins?
Pickup or scavenge excess cholesterol and return it to the liver for disposal of bile salts
88
How many amino acids are there?
20
89
dipeptide?
a peptide composed of two amino-acid residues.
90
polypeptide?
Polypeptides are chains of amino acids. Proteins are made up of one or more polypeptide molecules. The amino acids are linked covalently by peptide bonds.
91
all 4 structures of protein
1. Primary structure (amino acid sequence) 2. Secondary structure (twisting and folding of neighbouring amino acids, stabilized by hydrogen bonds) 3. Tertiary Structure (three dimensional shape of polypeptide chain) 4. Quarternary structure (arrangement of two or more polypeptide chains)
92
Name the 3 steps of Mechanism of enzyme action
1. enzyme and substrate come together at active site of enzyme, forming an enzyme–substrate complex 2. Enzyme catalyzes reaction and transforms substrate into products 3. When reaction is complete, enzyme is unchanged and free to catalyze same reaction again on a new substrate
93
Sucrose is made up of what?
Glucose + Fructose
94
what is the role of sucrase?
to breakdown the sucrose to form glucose and fructose
95
What is hydrolysis for?
used to denature and dissolve the substrate
96
Endergonic reaction?
is a reaction that requires energy to be driven
97
Exergonic Reaction?
is a reaction that loses energy during the process of the reaction
98
4 components of DNA
Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine
99
components of nucleotides?
1 Sugar, 1 phosphate group, oxygen, nitrogenous base
100
What are the ribbons in DNA?
Sugar (deoxyribose group) and phosphate group

HMKN 190 (3 decks)

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