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HMKN 190 > CHAPTER 2 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 elements that compose more than 90% of our body?

A

Hydrogen
Oxygen
Carbon
Nitrogen

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2
Q

What do Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen and Nitrogen form when they bond together?

A

Inorganic and Organic Compounds

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3
Q

Inorganic compounds?

A

water, phosphates, electrolytes, minerals, trace elements

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4
Q

Organic Compounds?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, nucleic acids

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5
Q

6——
C——-
Carbon——
12.0107——-

A
  • —atomic number
  • —Symbol
  • —Name
  • —Average atomic mass
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6
Q

atoms? and what are the composed of?

A

Smallest unit of matter which are composed of 3 particles, protons, neutrons and electrons

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7
Q

Element?

A

a type of atom that is defined by its atomic number

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8
Q

Atomic Number?

A

number of protons in its nucleus

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9
Q

what happens when there is a an even number of protons and electrons in an atom?

A

It has no net charge

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10
Q

What is the aspect of an element that distinguishes it from atoms of other elements?

A

Atomic number

ex: H=1 C=6 N=7

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11
Q

Atomic mass?

A

It is related to its number of protons, neutrons and electrons, but since electrons are so light, we say that atomic mass is just protons + neutrons

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12
Q

Atomic mass equation?

A

Atomic mass= n + p

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13
Q

Isotope?

A

Same element, but different in the number of neutrons

ex: C14= 8n + 6p

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14
Q

how many electrons can there be in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th shells?

A

1st: 2
2nd: 8
3rd: 8
4th: 18
5th: 18

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15
Q

Ionic bonds?

A

The definition of ionic bond is when a positively charged ion forms a bond with a negatively charged ions and one atom transfers electrons to another. An example of an ionic bond is the chemical compound Sodium Chloride.

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16
Q

Cation?

A

An ion with a + charge

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17
Q

Anion?

A

An ion with a - charge

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18
Q

Covalent bonds?

A

Covalent bonds are chemical bonds between two non-metal atoms. An example is water, where hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) bond together to make (H2O).

Sharing of 1 electron!!

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19
Q

What is the model for a covalent bond?

A

1 line (-)

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20
Q

What is a double bond?

A

sharing of 2 electrons

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21
Q

what is a triple bond?

A

sharing of 3 electrons

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22
Q

what is the model for a double bond?

A

=

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23
Q

what is the model for a triple bond?

A

three lines

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24
Q

Polar?

A

Uneven sharing of valence electrons

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25
Q

Non polar?

A

Even sharing of valence electrons

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26
Q

Free radical?

A

An atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell

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27
Q

What can unstable free radicals do?

A

can disrupt nearby molecules leading to loss of function and perhaps cellular damage

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28
Q

What are sources of free radicals?

A

UV, Xrays, drying cleaning solvents

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29
Q

What can inactivate free radicals?

A

Antioxidants

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30
Q

Molecule?

A

when 2 or more atoms are bonded together

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31
Q

Solution?

A

is a mixture of both solutes and solvents.

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32
Q

solutes?

A

refers to the substances which are dissolved in the liquid

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33
Q

Solvent?

A

is the liquid where the solute dissolves

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34
Q

what does a hydrogen bond look like?

A
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35
Q

Acids?

A

A substance that dissociates into one or more H+ ions in water

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36
Q

Base?

A

A substance that dissociates into one or more OH- in water

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37
Q

What determines how acidic or basic a solution is?

A

The concentration of free H+ ions

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38
Q

what pH number is the most acidic?

A

1

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39
Q

what pH is neutral?

A

7

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40
Q

what pH number is most basic?

A

14

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41
Q

Salt?

A

dissociates into cations and anions (but aren’t H+ or OH-)

42
Q

The more H+ in a solution =

A

the more acidic

43
Q

catabolism?

A

through the addition of water= hydrolisis

44
Q

anabolism?

A

dehydration

45
Q

Colloid?

A

suspended large molecules that scatter light

46
Q

Concentration =

A

mole/L (avogadros number)

47
Q

ATP name

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

48
Q

ATP definition

A

is the source of usable energy for our cells= body energy currency

49
Q

What does the body do with the energy made from ATP

A

They use it to do biological work

50
Q

How is ATP made?

A

Made by capturing energy from molecules we ingest and storing this energy in the phosphate bonds of ATP

51
Q

What happens when you remove a phosphate from ATP?

A

This releases energy that our cells use for physiological functions (ex: muscle contraction, nerve conduction…)

52
Q

ADP name

A

Adenosine Diphosphate

53
Q

Metabolism?

A

term used to describe all the chemical/energy transformations in the body

54
Q

catabolism?

A

Chemical breakdown of substances into smaller ones, usually to form usable energy

55
Q

anabolism

A

synthesis of more complex substances, which uses energy.

56
Q

Synthesis reaction?

A

A+B = AB

57
Q

Decomposition?

A

AB = A+B

58
Q

What is nutrients functions?

A

Is used by the body for its life functions

59
Q

6 nutrients?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids (fats), proteins, vitamins, minerals, water

60
Q

What does carbohydrates contain?

A

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen in fixed proportion

61
Q

Where are carbohydrates found?

A

Found in the body as hexoses (6C) and pentoses (5C)

62
Q

What are carbohydrates main role?

A

Energy source

63
Q

what is the most common carbohydrate?

A

glucose

64
Q

Monosaccharides must be _______ to be absorbed

A

broken down

65
Q

a monosaccharide is a ?

A

carbohydrate

66
Q

Lipids?

A

Lipids are the second major nutrient that are non polar, hydrophobic molecules that are insoluble in water, but soluble in other lipids

67
Q

3 states of lipids?

A
  1. Triglycerides
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Steroids
68
Q

Triglyceride?

A

Are a storage lipid, and represent a vast energy reserve in adipocytes, muscle and liver. They also serve to insulate, and cushion vital organs (protect)

69
Q

Polar?

A

dissolves

70
Q

what is a triglyceride composed of?

A

1 glycerol

3 fatty aid chains

71
Q

Glycerol is a molecule consisting of _____?

A

3 carbon atoms (one for each fatyy acid)

72
Q

Fatty acids?

A

are long chains of carbon atoms with bound hydrogen atoms ( hydrocarbons)

73
Q

What is at the end of each fatty acid?

A

a carboxylic ACID tail (-COOH)

74
Q

If all the carbon bonds are single bonds, the FA is _____

A

saturated

75
Q

If there is one double bond in the chain, the FA is ______

A

monounsaturated

76
Q

If there is more than one double bond in the chain, the FA is ______

A

Polyunsaturated

77
Q

Saturated fatty acids are called ____

A

Fats

78
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids are called ____

A

oils

79
Q

Hydrogenated oils?

A

are chemically altered oils in which some double bonds are converted into single bonds by the addition of hydrogen

80
Q

What is an example of excess triglyceride storage?

A

obesity

81
Q

Phospholipids are composed of____?

A

1 glycerol
1 phosphate group
2 fatty acids

82
Q

Role of the phosphate group?

A

gives the molecule polarity, which is important for the formation of biological membranes (ex: plasma membrane of the cell) - also participate in the transport of lipids in blood plasma

83
Q

In phospholipids, does the fatty acid end of the molecule dissolve in water? and does the phosphate end dissolve in water?

A

The fatty acid end does not dissolve in water (HYDROPHOBIC)

Phosphate end does dissolve in water (HYDROPHILIC)

84
Q

Steroids?

A

are different from other lipids, since they are composed of linked hydrocarbon rings

85
Q

Cholesterol?

A

is used to synthesize steroid hormones (e.g. testosterone, estrogen, and cortisol), is a vital component in the cell membrane, and is used to make bile and vitamin D.

86
Q

Low-density lipoproteins?

A

transport cholesterol from the liver to the rest of the body

87
Q

High-density lipoproteins?

A

Pickup or scavenge excess cholesterol and return it to the liver for disposal of bile salts

88
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

89
Q

dipeptide?

A

a peptide composed of two amino-acid residues.

90
Q

polypeptide?

A

Polypeptides are chains of amino acids. Proteins are made up of one or more polypeptide molecules. The amino acids are linked covalently by peptide bonds.

91
Q

all 4 structures of protein

A
  1. Primary structure (amino acid sequence)
  2. Secondary structure (twisting and folding of neighbouring amino acids, stabilized by hydrogen bonds)
  3. Tertiary Structure (three dimensional shape of polypeptide chain)
  4. Quarternary structure (arrangement of two or more polypeptide chains)
92
Q

Name the 3 steps of Mechanism of enzyme action

A
  1. enzyme and substrate come together at active site of enzyme, forming an enzyme–substrate complex
  2. Enzyme catalyzes reaction and transforms substrate into products
  3. When reaction is complete, enzyme is unchanged and free to catalyze same reaction again on a new substrate
93
Q

Sucrose is made up of what?

A

Glucose + Fructose

94
Q

what is the role of sucrase?

A

to breakdown the sucrose to form glucose and fructose

95
Q

What is hydrolysis for?

A

used to denature and dissolve the substrate

96
Q

Endergonic reaction?

A

is a reaction that requires energy to be driven

97
Q

Exergonic Reaction?

A

is a reaction that loses energy during the process of the reaction

98
Q

4 components of DNA

A

Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine

99
Q

components of nucleotides?

A

1 Sugar, 1 phosphate group, oxygen, nitrogenous base

100
Q

What are the ribbons in DNA?

A

Sugar (deoxyribose group) and phosphate group

HMKN 190 (3 decks)

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