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Building Construction > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

Concepts of Construction

1
Q

Arch

A

Combines the function of a beam and a column

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2
Q

Attitude

A

Vertical or horizontal orientation

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3
Q

Axial Load

A

A load that passes through the centroid of a section under construction and is perpendicular to the plane of the section.

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4
Q

Bar Joist

A

Lightweight steel truss joist

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5
Q

Beam

A

A structural member that transmits forces perpendicular to such forces to the reaction points

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6
Q

Bent

A

A line of columns in any direction

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7
Q

Braced Frame

A

A structural system that uses diagonal members to provide bracing against lateral wind and earthquake loads

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8
Q

Bracket

A

Diagonal member that supports what would otherwise be a cantilever

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9
Q

Brick and Block Composite Wall

A

Consists of of an exterior wythe of brick directly mortared or parged to an inner wythe of concrete masonry unit (CMU).

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10
Q

BTU

A

British thermal unit. the qty of heat required to raise 1lb of water 1deg F at the pressure of 1 ATM and temp at 60F.

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11
Q

Built-up Girder

A

Made of steel plates and angles riveted together, as distinguished from on rolled from one piece of steel

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12
Q

Buttress

A

Mass of masonry built against a wall to strengthen it. Necessary when a vault or an arch places a heavy load or thrust on one part of a wall

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13
Q

Caloric Value

A

Measured in BTU, the amount of heat required to raise 1lb of water, 1 deg F

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14
Q

Camber

A

Upward rise

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15
Q

Cantilever Beam

A

A beam supported at one end only, rigidly held in position at the end.

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16
Q

Cantilevered

A

Supported by a cantilever

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17
Q

Cavity or Hollow Wall

A

A wall built of 2 wythes, separated by a space for rain drainage or insulation

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18
Q

Centroid

A

The center point at which a body would be stable, or balance, under the influence of gravity

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19
Q

Chord

A

The outside members (top or bottom) of a truss, as opposed to the inner “webbed” members

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20
Q

Column

A

A structural member that transmits a compressive force along a straight path in the direction of the member

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21
Q

Composite

A

Built up of different parts, pieces, or materials

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22
Q

Composite Wall

A

A wall composed of 2 or more masonry materials that react together under a load

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23
Q

Compression

A

Direct pushing force, in line with the axis member; the opposite of tension

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24
Q

Concentrated Load

A

A load acting on a very small area of the structure’s surface; the exact opposite of a distributed load

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25
Q

Continuous Beam

A

A beam supported at 3 or more points. it is considered structurally advantageous because if the span between 2 supports is overloaded, the rest of the beam assists in carrying the load

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26
Q

Core Construction

A

No external braces involved

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27
Q

Cross Wall

A

Any wall at right angles to any other wall; the walls should brace one another

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28
Q

Dead Load

A

The weight of a building; the dead load consists of the weight of all materials of construction incorporated into a building; including all structural and built in features, and the weight of cranes

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29
Q

Deflection

A

the deformation or displacement of a structural member as a result of loads acting on it

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30
Q

Demising Wall

A

Wall bounding a tenant space

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31
Q

Diaphragm Floor

A

A floor designed to stiffen a building against wind a lateral loads such as earthquakes

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32
Q

Eccentric Load

A

A force that is perpendicular to the plane of the section but does not pass through the center of the section

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33
Q

Fire Cut

A

The end of a joist that is cut at an angle to permit the joist to fall out of a wall without damaging the load-bearing wall

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34
Q

Fire Load

A

The potential fuel available for a fire in a bldg

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35
Q

Fire Resistance

A

The ability of a material to avoid ignition, combustion, and the thermal effects of a fire

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36
Q

Fire Wall

A

Wall with a fire-resistive rating and structural stability that separates blgs or subdivides a bldg to prevent the spread of fire

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37
Q

Fixed Beam

A

Beam supported at 2 points and rigidly held in position at both points. This rigidity may cause collapse of a wall if the beam collapses and the rigid connection does not yield properly

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38
Q

Flitch Plate Girder

A

Made by sandwiching a piece of steel between 2 wooden beams

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39
Q

Foundation

A

The lower division of a bldg that serves to transmit and anchor the loads from the superstructure directly to its earth or rock, usually below ground level

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40
Q

Gang Nail

A

Another name for a gusset plate in a lighweight wood truss

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41
Q

Girder

A

A beam that supports other beams

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42
Q

Gravity Connection

A

A connection that depends on the weight of the bldg to hold it in place

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43
Q

Gravity Resistance System

A

All of the structural elements of a bldg and the connections that support and transfer the loads

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44
Q

Grillage

A

A series of closely spaced beams designed to carry a particularly heavy load

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45
Q

Gusset Plate

A

(lightweight wood truss) Connecting plate made of a thin sheet of steel used to connect the components of the truss

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46
Q

Header

A

A masonry unit that overlaps 2 or more adjoining wythes of masonry to tie the together

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47
Q

Heat Release Rate (HRR)

A

The rate at which the potential heat in a fuel is released

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48
Q

Homogenous

A

When describing wall construction, a wall that acts as 1 unit (good bonding exists between bricks, blocks, and mortar)

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49
Q

Hurricane Bracing

A

Components of a hurricane resistance system that prevent uplift of the components of a structure, including galvanized steel straps used to connect roof trusses to stud walls and anchor bolts used to connect stud walls with sill and sole plates

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50
Q

Impact Load

A

The effect of a moving load upon a stationary structure

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51
Q

Inverted King Post Truss

A

A truss incorporating a single compression member; it is inverted because the compression member extends downward

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52
Q

Joist

A

A beam

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53
Q

K-Bracing

A

An arrangement of braces between columns that resembles the letter “K”

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54
Q

KIP

A

1000 lbs of force

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55
Q

Kilojoule (kJ)

A

Metric unit approximately equivalent to 1 BTU

56
Q

Kilowatt (KW)

A

A unit for measuring the energy release of a fire

57
Q

Knee Wall

A

A wall typically found in the top floor of a wood-frame home with a peaked roof. This short wall square off the triangular area at the edge of the room where the sloping roof meets the floor

58
Q

Lateral Impact Wall

A

A force that acts on a structure from a horizontal direction, such as wind or seismic forces

59
Q

Ledger Board

A

A wood board typically attached to a wall’s studs that is used to support wood joists

60
Q

Lightweight Truss

A

A collection of lightweight structural components joined in a triangular unit that can be used to support either floors or roofs

61
Q

Lintel

A

The horizontal beam that forms the upper structural member of an opening for a window or door and supports part of the structure above it

62
Q

Live Load

A

The weight of the bldg contents

63
Q

Load

A

Force or other action that results from the weight of all bldg materials, occupants and their possessions, environmental effects, differential movement, and restrained dimensional shapes

64
Q

Load-bearing Wall

A

Any wall that carries a load in addition to its own weight

65
Q

Megastructure

A

A very large structure

66
Q

Megawatt (MW)

A

A unit for measuring the energy release rate of a fire

67
Q

Moment

A

The tendency of a force to rotate or twist a structural member

68
Q

Moment Frame

A

A structural system that utilizes special “moment” connections between columns and beams to resist rotation due to lateral loads such as earthquakes and wind

69
Q

Monolithic Concrete

A

A construction technique in which all successive poured concrete castings are joined together so that the structure seems to be like 1 piece of stone

70
Q

Needle Beam

A

When any change is to be made in the foundation of an existing wall, the wall must be supported. Often holes are cut through the wall, and so-called needle beams are inserted and supported on both sides, They pick up the load of the walls

71
Q

Neutral Axis

A

The line along which the length of the beam does not change

72
Q

Non-load-bearing wall

A

A wall supporting no load other than its own weight

73
Q

Overhanging Beam

A

A beam that projects beyond its support, but not far enough to be a cantilever

74
Q

Panel Points

A

The connection points joining ties, struts, and chords in a truss

75
Q

Panel Wall (curtain wall)

A

Non load bearing enclosing wall on framed bldgs

76
Q

Parallel-chord truss

A

A truss in which both the upper and lower chords are parallel to each other

77
Q

Partition wall

A

A non load bearing wall that subdivides spaces within any sort of bldg or room

78
Q

Party Wall

A

A load bearing wall that is common to 2 structures

79
Q

Pier

A

A short column of masonry, usually rectangularin horizontal cross section, used to support other structural members

80
Q

Pilaster

A

A masonry column projecting from 1 or both faces of the wall in which its located

81
Q

Pinned

A

A description for structural elements that are connected by simple connectors such as bolts, rivets, or welded joints

82
Q

Plastic Design

A

Design based on connections that redirect overloads to other sections of the bldg

83
Q

Portal Bracing

A

Heavy riveting of girders to columns from the top to the bottom of the frame

84
Q

Precast

A

A concrete member that is cast and cured in a place other than its final position in the structure

85
Q

Precast Concrete Tilt Slab Wall

A

A type of wall that acts as a vertical cantilever when it is being erected and is braced by tormentors or temporary bracing poles

86
Q

Q

A

A designation of the HRR; refers to the rate at which a fuel will burn

87
Q

Queen Post Truss

A

A truss with 2 compression members

88
Q

Rakers

A

Diagonal bracing columns

89
Q

Reaction

A

The response in structures to the imposed loads , which are gradually developed at the supports

90
Q

Reinforced concrete

A

In concrete masonry construction, steel reinforcement that is embedded in such a manner that the 2 materials act together in resisting forces

91
Q

Repeated Load

A

A load that is applied intermittently

92
Q

Rigid Frame

A

Structural frame in which all columns and beams are rigidly connected. There are no hinged joints, and the angular relationship between beam and column members is maintained under load

93
Q

Rising Roof

A

A phenomenon in wood trusses in which differences in moisture levels between the upper and lower wood truss chords cause the truss to bend and create a rise in the roof

94
Q

Rubble Masonry Wall

A

A wall composed of inner and outer wythes of coursed masonry. The space between the wythes is filled with random masonry , sometimes mixed with mortar. Such walls are unstable to lateral thrust

95
Q

Safety Factor

A

The ratio of the strength of the material just before failure to the safe working stress

96
Q

Sand-lime mortar

A

A water-soluble mixture used in the past as mortar, when water is applied, the mortar can be washed away

97
Q

Self-releasing Floor

A

A type of floor in which floor girders are set on anchor boxes in walls and caps attached to columns. A wood cleat or steel dog-iron similar to a big staple is used to provide minimal stability. Often used in heavy-timber construction.

98
Q

Self-weight

A

Another term for dead load

99
Q

Serpentine Wall

A

A curving wall

100
Q

Shear

A

Forces occurring within a building member when opposing forces pull the member in opposite directions

101
Q

Shear Wall

A

A wall that counteracts the effects of lateral loads such as wind and earthquakes

102
Q

Simple Beam

A

A beam supported at 2 points near its ends. In simple beam construction, the load is delivered to the 2 reaction points and the rest of the structure renders no assistance in an overload

103
Q

Spaceframe

A

A 3D pyramid-like truss

104
Q

Spandrel Girder

A

A girder that ties wall columns together in a framed blgd

105
Q

Steel Joist

A

An open web design used for the support of floors and roofs

106
Q

Stiffness

A

The capacity of a member of framework to resist imposed loads without excessive deflection

107
Q

Strain

A

The actual percentage of elongation (deformation) when a material is stressed

108
Q

Stress

A

Force per unit area that produces a deformation

109
Q

Stretcher

A

A masonry unit laid horizontally with its length in the direction of the face of the wall

110
Q

Structural Elements

A

Components of a structure that include beams, trusses, columns, arches, and walls

111
Q

Structural Frame

A

All members of a structure that are tied together to carry the imposed loads to the substructure, and hence to the ground

112
Q

Strut

A

A bracing column

113
Q

Suspended Beam

A

A simple beam, with 1 or both ends suspended on a tension member such as a chain, cable or rod

114
Q

Suspended Load

A

A hanging load supported from above

115
Q

Tension

A

A pulling or stretching force in line with the axis of the body; the opposite of compression, which is pushing, crushing stress

116
Q

Tie

A

(truss member) the tensile connecting members of a truss web

117
Q

Tie Rod

A

A rod in tension, used to hold parts of a structure together

118
Q

Torque

A

The measurable turning force applied to a structural member

119
Q

Torsion

A

A force tending to twist a structural member

120
Q

Transfer Beam

A

A beam that typically carries a load around a large opening or over an area in order to avoid intervening columns

121
Q

Transmission

A

The manner in which a load is spread from the point of application to the ground

122
Q

Triangular Truss

A

A roof truss that is triangular in shape, it is used to create a peaked roof

123
Q

Truss

A

A type of beam that is a framed structure consisting of a triangle or group of triangles arranged in a single plane in such a manner that loads applied at the points of intersections of the members will cause only direct stresses (tension or compression) in the members

124
Q

Tube Construction

A

Externally braced structure

125
Q

Ultimate Strength

A

The highest load that a member or structure can sustain before failure occurs

126
Q

Uniformly Distributed Load

A

A load that applied evenly over an area

127
Q

Veneer Wall

A

A wall made up of a single vertical thickness of masonry that is designed to improve the exterior appearance of a bldg

128
Q

Vierendeel Truss

A

A rectangular truss with very rigid corner bracing

129
Q

Voussoir

A

A wedge-shaped block whose converging sides radiate from a center, forming an element of an arch or vaulted ceiling

130
Q

Wall

A

A structural element that transmits to the ground the compressive forces applied along the top or received at any point on the wall

131
Q

Wall Column

A

A column of steel, reinforced concrete, or solid masonry (such as brick or solid block) in a block wall. Concentrated loads such as main girders are applied to the wall directly above the wall column.

132
Q

Watt (W)

A

A unit for measuring the energy release of a fire

133
Q

Web

A

The group of struts, ties, and panel points in a truss

134
Q

Weep Hole

A

A drainage hole in a masonry wall that allows water trapped inside the wall to escape

135
Q

Wet Joint

A

Cast-in-place concrete that unites the rods projecting from precast sections

136
Q

Wind Load

A

The positive or negative force of the wind acting on a structure

137
Q

Wythe

A

A single continuous vertical wall of masonry units (1 masonry unit in thickness)

Building Construction (3 decks)

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