Chapter 2 Flashcards
chattel slavery
A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold like property
neo- Europes
Term for colonies in which colonists sought to replicate, or at least approximate, economies and social structures they knew at home.
encomienda
A grant of Indian labor in Spanish America given in the 16th century by the Spanish Kings to prominent men. Encomenderos extracted tribute from these Indians in exchange for granting them protection and Christian instruction.
casta system
A hierarchical system of racial classification developed by colonial elites in Latin America to make sense of the complex patterns of racial mixing that developed there.
Columbian Exchange
The massive global exchange of living things, including people, animals, plants, and diseases, between the Eastern and Western hemispheres that began after the voyages of Columbus
mercantilism
A system of political economy based on government regulation. Beginning in 1650, Britain enacted the Navigation Acts that controlled colonial commerce and manufacturing for the enrichment of Britain
joint-stock corporation
financial organization devised by English merchants around 1550 that facilitated the colonization of North America. In these companies a number of investors pooled their capital and received shares of stock in the enterprise in proportion to their share of the total investment
House of Burgesses
Organ of government in colonial Virginia made up of an assembly of representatives elected by the colony’s inhabitants
royal colony
English system- Royal colony characterized by the crown. governor was appointed by the crown and served according to the instruction of the Board of Trade
freeholds
Land owned in it’s entirety w/o federal dues, or landlord obligations. Legal right to improve, transfer or sell their landed property
headright system
System of land distribution pioneered in Virginia and used in several other colonies, that granted land usually 50 acres- to anyone who paid the passage of a new arrival. By this means, large planters amasses huge landholdings as they imported large numbers of servants and slaves.
indentured servitude
System in which workers contracted for service for a specified period. In exchange for agreeing to work for 4 or 5 years w/o wages in the colonies, received passage across the Atlantic, room and board, and status as a free person at the end of the contract period.
Pilgrims
One of the first Protestant groups to come to America, seeking a separation from the Church of England. They founded Plymouth, the first permanent community in New England.
Puritans
Dissenters from the Church of England who wanted a genuine Reformation rather than the partial Reformation sought by Henry VIII. The Puritans religious principles emphasized the importance of an individuals relationship with God developed through bible study, prayer and introspection.
toleration
The allowance of different religious practices. The Toleration Act(1649) enacted by Lord Baltimore in NY Allowed all Christians the right to follow their beliefs and hold church services. The crown imposed toleration on Massachusetts Bay in royal charter of 1691
covenant of works
Christian idea that God’s elect must do good works in their earthly lives to earn their salvation
covenant of grace
Christian idea that God’s elect granted salvation as a pure gift of grace. The doctrine holds that nothing people do can erase their sins or earn them a place in heaven.
town meeting
A system of local government in New England in which all male head of households met regularly to elect selectmen, levy local taxes and regulate markets roads and schools
Metacom’s War
King Philip’s War, it pitted a coalition of Native American’s led by the Wampanoag leader Metacom against the New England colonies in 1675-1676. A thousand colonists were killed and 12 colonial towns destroyed but the colonies prevailed. Metacom and his allies lost some 4,500 people
Pueblo Revolt
Popes rebellion, the revolt in 1680 was an uprising of 46 Native American Pueblos against Spanish rule. Spaniards were driven out of New Mexico. When they returned in the 1690s they granted more autonomy to the Pueblos they claimed to rule.
