Chapter 2 Flashcards
Chemistry of Biology
atom
smallest particle that can’t be subdivided into smaller substances without losing its properties
proton
positively charged subatomic unit
neutron
uncharged subatomic unit
electron
negatively charged subatomic unit
what is located in the nucleus of the atom?
protons and neutrons
ions
number of electrons are not equal to the number of protons
cation
more protons than electrons
anion
more electrons than protons
element
substance that cannot be broken down into any other substance
why are atoms electrically neutral?
there is an equal number of electrons and protons
mass
amount of a substance
weight
the amount of gravity exerted on an object
atomic mass
equal to the sum of masses of its protons and neutrons
isotope
an element that has the same number protons but different number of neutrons
(i.e. carbon and carbon-13)
types of electron bonds
ionic and covalent bonds
ionic bond
type of electron bond
occurs when 1 electron in its valence shell tends to be an electron donor and the other is an electron acceptor
- held together by an attraction between negatively and positively charged ions
covalent bond
type of electron bond
when 2 atoms share electrons where each atom has an octet of electrons in the outer shell or has a full valence shell
- nonpolar
- polar
nonpolar covalent bond
when the sharing of electrons between the atoms are equal
polar covalent bond
when electrons are not shared equally
elecronegativity
the ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself in a chemical bond
oxidation
any reaction that causes an atoms to lose electron
reduction
an atom gaining electrons from the atom that lost the electron
hydration
when the cation attracts the negtively charged region of water, anion attracts the positively charged region of the water resulting in water surrounding the ions
hydrophilic
attract water to their surface
hydrophobic
repel water
amphipathic
both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
what happens to electrons in acids?
an electron pair is donated
what happens to electrons in bases?
an electron pair is accepted
pH scale
used to indicate the acidity and bascity of a solution
pH level below 7
acidic
pH level above 7
basic
acidosis
a chemical imbalance of acids and bases in blood because there is too much acid, it isn’t getting rid of enough acid, or doesn’t have enough base to offset a normal amount of acid
ketoacidosis
diabetic, not enough insulin, dehydrated
- body burns fat instead of carbs (low food intake) as fuel resulting in producing ketones which turns the blood acidic
lactic acidosis
lactic acid build up due to a lack of oxygen
renal tubular acidosis
health kidneys take acids out of blood and releases it during urination
hyperchloremic acidosis
severe diarrhea, laxative abuse, and kidney problems can cause lower levels of bicarbonate, the base that helps neutralize acids in blood
respiratory acidosis
the body has too much carbon dioxide because of a problem with the lungs
how is acidosis diagnosed?
anion gap
arterial blood gases
urine tests
blood sugar meters
how is acidosis treated?
detoxification for drug or alcohol poisoning
insulin, if person has DKA
IV fluids and/or sodium bicarbonate (quick-acting antacid)
alkalosis
body fluids have excess base (alkali)
decreased carbon dioxide (an acid) level or increased bicarbonate (a base)
low potassium (hypokalemia)
respiratory alkalosis
occurs when there isn’t enough carbon dioxide in bloodstream
metabolic alkalosis
body loses too much acid or gains too much base
hypochloremic alkalosis
occurs when there’s a significant decline of chloride in the body
hypokalemic alkalosis
occurs when your body lacks the normal amount of the mineral potassium
how is alkalosis diagnosed?
urinalysis or urine pH level test
basic metabolic panel
arterial blood gas analysis
buffer
a chemical or combination of chemicals that keeps pH within normal limits
inorganic chemistry
the study of nonliving matter
organic chemistry
accounts for the diversity for organic molecules found in living things
functional group
the combination of bonded atoms that always has the same chemical properties and always reacts the same way
chemical reactivity of a bio-molecule can be attributed to its functional groups
isomer
organic molecules that have identical molecular formulas but different arrangement of atoms
polymers
biomolecules are linked together to form large numbers of the same type of sub-unit called a monomer
what are the different polymers?
carbohydrates
proteins
nucleic acids
which macromolecule is not a polymer?
lipids: because they contain 2 different types of subunits
enzymes
act as catalysts to control the reactions
what are the monosaccharides (sugars)?
ribose
deoxyribose
glucose
steroids
component of plasma membrane and sex hormones
has anti-inflammatory effects
has skeletons of 4 fused carbon rings
prostaglandins
function in inflammatory and allergic reactions, blood clotting, smooth muscle contractions
cholesterol
essential component found in cell membrane and provides physical stability
what are the functions of proteins?
metabolism support transport defense regulation motion
prions
may cause other proteins to fold incorrectly, thus altering their function
