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microbio chapters 1-3 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

Chemistry of Biology

1
Q

atom

A

smallest particle that can’t be subdivided into smaller substances without losing its properties

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2
Q

proton

A

positively charged subatomic unit

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3
Q

neutron

A

uncharged subatomic unit

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4
Q

electron

A

negatively charged subatomic unit

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5
Q

what is located in the nucleus of the atom?

A

protons and neutrons

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6
Q

ions

A

number of electrons are not equal to the number of protons

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7
Q

cation

A

more protons than electrons

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8
Q

anion

A

more electrons than protons

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9
Q

element

A

substance that cannot be broken down into any other substance

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10
Q

why are atoms electrically neutral?

A

there is an equal number of electrons and protons

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11
Q

mass

A

amount of a substance

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12
Q

weight

A

the amount of gravity exerted on an object

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13
Q

atomic mass

A

equal to the sum of masses of its protons and neutrons

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14
Q

isotope

A

an element that has the same number protons but different number of neutrons
(i.e. carbon and carbon-13)

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15
Q

types of electron bonds

A

ionic and covalent bonds

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16
Q

ionic bond

A

type of electron bond
occurs when 1 electron in its valence shell tends to be an electron donor and the other is an electron acceptor
- held together by an attraction between negatively and positively charged ions

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17
Q

covalent bond

A

type of electron bond
when 2 atoms share electrons where each atom has an octet of electrons in the outer shell or has a full valence shell
- nonpolar
- polar

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18
Q

nonpolar covalent bond

A

when the sharing of electrons between the atoms are equal

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19
Q

polar covalent bond

A

when electrons are not shared equally

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20
Q

elecronegativity

A

the ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself in a chemical bond

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21
Q

oxidation

A

any reaction that causes an atoms to lose electron

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22
Q

reduction

A

an atom gaining electrons from the atom that lost the electron

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23
Q

hydration

A

when the cation attracts the negtively charged region of water, anion attracts the positively charged region of the water resulting in water surrounding the ions

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24
Q

hydrophilic

A

attract water to their surface

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25
hydrophobic
repel water
26
amphipathic
both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
27
what happens to electrons in acids?
an electron pair is donated
28
what happens to electrons in bases?
an electron pair is accepted
29
pH scale
used to indicate the acidity and bascity of a solution
30
pH level below 7
acidic
31
pH level above 7
basic
32
acidosis
a chemical imbalance of acids and bases in blood because there is too much acid, it isn't getting rid of enough acid, or doesn't have enough base to offset a normal amount of acid
33
ketoacidosis
diabetic, not enough insulin, dehydrated | - body burns fat instead of carbs (low food intake) as fuel resulting in producing ketones which turns the blood acidic
34
lactic acidosis
lactic acid build up due to a lack of oxygen
35
renal tubular acidosis
health kidneys take acids out of blood and releases it during urination
36
hyperchloremic acidosis
severe diarrhea, laxative abuse, and kidney problems can cause lower levels of bicarbonate, the base that helps neutralize acids in blood
37
respiratory acidosis
the body has too much carbon dioxide because of a problem with the lungs
38
how is acidosis diagnosed?
anion gap arterial blood gases urine tests blood sugar meters
39
how is acidosis treated?
detoxification for drug or alcohol poisoning insulin, if person has DKA IV fluids and/or sodium bicarbonate (quick-acting antacid)
40
alkalosis
body fluids have excess base (alkali) decreased carbon dioxide (an acid) level or increased bicarbonate (a base) low potassium (hypokalemia)
41
respiratory alkalosis
occurs when there isn't enough carbon dioxide in bloodstream
42
metabolic alkalosis
body loses too much acid or gains too much base
43
hypochloremic alkalosis
occurs when there's a significant decline of chloride in the body
44
hypokalemic alkalosis
occurs when your body lacks the normal amount of the mineral potassium
45
how is alkalosis diagnosed?
urinalysis or urine pH level test basic metabolic panel arterial blood gas analysis
46
buffer
a chemical or combination of chemicals that keeps pH within normal limits
47
inorganic chemistry
the study of nonliving matter
48
organic chemistry
accounts for the diversity for organic molecules found in living things
49
functional group
the combination of bonded atoms that always has the same chemical properties and always reacts the same way chemical reactivity of a bio-molecule can be attributed to its functional groups
50
isomer
organic molecules that have identical molecular formulas but different arrangement of atoms
51
polymers
biomolecules are linked together to form large numbers of the same type of sub-unit called a monomer
52
what are the different polymers?
carbohydrates proteins nucleic acids
53
which macromolecule is not a polymer?
lipids: because they contain 2 different types of subunits
54
enzymes
act as catalysts to control the reactions
55
what are the monosaccharides (sugars)?
ribose deoxyribose glucose
56
steroids
component of plasma membrane and sex hormones has anti-inflammatory effects has skeletons of 4 fused carbon rings
57
prostaglandins
function in inflammatory and allergic reactions, blood clotting, smooth muscle contractions
58
cholesterol
essential component found in cell membrane and provides physical stability
59
what are the functions of proteins?
``` metabolism support transport defense regulation motion ```
60
prions
may cause other proteins to fold incorrectly, thus altering their function

microbio chapters 1-3 (3 decks)

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