Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

microbio chapters 1-3 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

Chemistry of Biology

1
Q

atom

A

smallest particle that can’t be subdivided into smaller substances without losing its properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

proton

A

positively charged subatomic unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

neutron

A

uncharged subatomic unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

electron

A

negatively charged subatomic unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is located in the nucleus of the atom?

A

protons and neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ions

A

number of electrons are not equal to the number of protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

cation

A

more protons than electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

anion

A

more electrons than protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

element

A

substance that cannot be broken down into any other substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

why are atoms electrically neutral?

A

there is an equal number of electrons and protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

mass

A

amount of a substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

weight

A

the amount of gravity exerted on an object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

atomic mass

A

equal to the sum of masses of its protons and neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

isotope

A

an element that has the same number protons but different number of neutrons
(i.e. carbon and carbon-13)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

types of electron bonds

A

ionic and covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ionic bond

A

type of electron bond
occurs when 1 electron in its valence shell tends to be an electron donor and the other is an electron acceptor
- held together by an attraction between negatively and positively charged ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

covalent bond

A

type of electron bond
when 2 atoms share electrons where each atom has an octet of electrons in the outer shell or has a full valence shell
- nonpolar
- polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

nonpolar covalent bond

A

when the sharing of electrons between the atoms are equal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

polar covalent bond

A

when electrons are not shared equally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

elecronegativity

A

the ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself in a chemical bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

oxidation

A

any reaction that causes an atoms to lose electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

reduction

A

an atom gaining electrons from the atom that lost the electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

hydration

A

when the cation attracts the negtively charged region of water, anion attracts the positively charged region of the water resulting in water surrounding the ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

hydrophilic

A

attract water to their surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

hydrophobic

A

repel water

26
Q

amphipathic

A

both hydrophilic and hydrophobic

27
Q

what happens to electrons in acids?

A

an electron pair is donated

28
Q

what happens to electrons in bases?

A

an electron pair is accepted

29
Q

pH scale

A

used to indicate the acidity and bascity of a solution

30
Q

pH level below 7

A

acidic

31
Q

pH level above 7

A

basic

32
Q

acidosis

A

a chemical imbalance of acids and bases in blood because there is too much acid, it isn’t getting rid of enough acid, or doesn’t have enough base to offset a normal amount of acid

33
Q

ketoacidosis

A

diabetic, not enough insulin, dehydrated

- body burns fat instead of carbs (low food intake) as fuel resulting in producing ketones which turns the blood acidic

34
Q

lactic acidosis

A

lactic acid build up due to a lack of oxygen

35
Q

renal tubular acidosis

A

health kidneys take acids out of blood and releases it during urination

36
Q

hyperchloremic acidosis

A

severe diarrhea, laxative abuse, and kidney problems can cause lower levels of bicarbonate, the base that helps neutralize acids in blood

37
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

the body has too much carbon dioxide because of a problem with the lungs

38
Q

how is acidosis diagnosed?

A

anion gap
arterial blood gases
urine tests
blood sugar meters

39
Q

how is acidosis treated?

A

detoxification for drug or alcohol poisoning
insulin, if person has DKA
IV fluids and/or sodium bicarbonate (quick-acting antacid)

40
Q

alkalosis

A

body fluids have excess base (alkali)
decreased carbon dioxide (an acid) level or increased bicarbonate (a base)
low potassium (hypokalemia)

41
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

occurs when there isn’t enough carbon dioxide in bloodstream

42
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

body loses too much acid or gains too much base

43
Q

hypochloremic alkalosis

A

occurs when there’s a significant decline of chloride in the body

44
Q

hypokalemic alkalosis

A

occurs when your body lacks the normal amount of the mineral potassium

45
Q

how is alkalosis diagnosed?

A

urinalysis or urine pH level test
basic metabolic panel
arterial blood gas analysis

46
Q

buffer

A

a chemical or combination of chemicals that keeps pH within normal limits

47
Q

inorganic chemistry

A

the study of nonliving matter

48
Q

organic chemistry

A

accounts for the diversity for organic molecules found in living things

49
Q

functional group

A

the combination of bonded atoms that always has the same chemical properties and always reacts the same way
chemical reactivity of a bio-molecule can be attributed to its functional groups

50
Q

isomer

A

organic molecules that have identical molecular formulas but different arrangement of atoms

51
Q

polymers

A

biomolecules are linked together to form large numbers of the same type of sub-unit called a monomer

52
Q

what are the different polymers?

A

carbohydrates
proteins
nucleic acids

53
Q

which macromolecule is not a polymer?

A

lipids: because they contain 2 different types of subunits

54
Q

enzymes

A

act as catalysts to control the reactions

55
Q

what are the monosaccharides (sugars)?

A

ribose
deoxyribose
glucose

56
Q

steroids

A

component of plasma membrane and sex hormones
has anti-inflammatory effects
has skeletons of 4 fused carbon rings

57
Q

prostaglandins

A

function in inflammatory and allergic reactions, blood clotting, smooth muscle contractions

58
Q

cholesterol

A

essential component found in cell membrane and provides physical stability

59
Q

what are the functions of proteins?

A 
metabolism
support
transport
defense
regulation
motion
60
Q

prions

A

may cause other proteins to fold incorrectly, thus altering their function

microbio chapters 1-3 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions