Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY 121 > CHAPTER 2 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2 Flashcards

How Psychologists Do Research

1
Q

What 5 things make psychological research scientific?

A
  1. Precision
  2. Skepticism
  3. Reliance on empirical evidence
  4. Willingness to make risky predictions
  5. Openness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Theory

A

An organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a specified set of phenomena and their interrelationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hypothesis

A

A statement that attempts to predict or account for a set of phenomena; scientific hypotheses specify relationships among events or variables and are empirically tested

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Operational Definitions

A

A precise definition of a term in a hypothesis, which specifies the operations for observing and measuring the process or phenomenon being defined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Principle of falsifiability

A

The principle that a scientific theory must make predictions that are specific enough to expose the theory to the possibility of disconfirmation; that is, the theory must predict not only what will happen but also what will not happen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Confirmation bias

A

The tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that confirms one’s own belief

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Representative sample

A

– A group of individuals, selected from a population for study, that matches the population on important characteristics such as age and sex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Descriptive methods

A

Methods that yield descriptions of behaviour but not necessarily causal explanations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Case study

A

A detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Observational study

A

A study in which the researcher carefully and systematically observes and records behaviour without interfering with the behaviour; it may involve either naturalistic or laboratory observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Psychological tests

A

Procedures used to measure ad evaluate personality traits, emotional states, aptitudes, interests, abilities, and values.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Standardize

A

In test construction, to develop uniform procedures for giving and scoring a test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Norms

A

In test construction, established standards of performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Reliability

A

In test construction, the consistency of scores derived from a test, from one time and place to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Validity

A

The ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Surveys

A

Questionnaires and interviews that ask people about their experiences, attitudes, or opinions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Volunteer bias

A

A shortcoming of findings derived from a sample of volunteers instead of a representative sample; the volunteers may differ from those who did not volunteer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Correlational study

A

a descriptive study that looks for a consistent relationship between two phenomena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Correlation

A

A measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Variables

A

Characteristics of behaviour or experience that can be measured or described by a numeric scale

21
Q

Positive correlation

A

An association between increases in one variable and increases in another – or between decreases in one and decreases in another

22
Q

Negative correlation

A

An association between increases in one variable and decreases in another

23
Q

Coefficient of correlation

A

A measure of correlation that ranges in value from -1.00 to +1.00

24
Q

Experiment

A

A controlled test of a hypothesis in which the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effect on another

25
Q

Independent variable

A

A variable that an experimenter manipulates

26
Q

Dependant variable

A

A variable that an experimenter predicts will be affected by manipulations of the independent variable

27
Q

Control condition

A

In an experiment, a comparison condition in which participants are not exposed to the same treatment as the experimental condition

28
Q

Random assignment

A

A procedure for assigning people to experimental and control groups In which each individual has the same probability as any other of being assigned to a given group

29
Q

Placebo

A

An inactive substance or fake treatment used as a control in an experiment or given by a medical practitioner to a patient

30
Q

Single-blind study

A

An experiment in which participants do not know whether they are in an experimental or a control group, but the researchers do

31
Q

Experimenter effects

A

Unintended changes in study participants’ behaviour due to cues that the experimenter inadvertently conveys

32
Q

Double-blind study

A

An experiment in which neither the people being studied nor the individuals running the study know who is in the control group and who is in the experimental group until after the results are tallied

33
Q

Field research

A

Descriptive or experimental research conducted in a natural setting outside the laboratory

34
Q

What are the 3 major concerns that arise in cross-cultural research?

A

Methods and sampling, stereotyping, and reification

35
Q

Once a psychologist has some results in hand, what 3 things must they do with them?

A

Describe them, assess how reliable and meaningful they are, and figure out how to explain them

36
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Statistical procedures that organize and summarize research data

37
Q

Arithmetic mean

A

An average that is calculated by adding up a set of quantities and dividing the sum by the total number of quantities in the set

38
Q

Standard deviation

A

A commonly used measure of variability that indicated the average difference between scores in a distribution and their mean

39
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Statistical procedures that allow researchers to draw inferences about how statistically meaningful a study’s results are

40
Q

Significants tests

A

Statistical tests that show how likely it is that a study’s results occurred merely by chance

41
Q

Confidence interval

A

A statistical measure that provides, with a specific probability, a range of values within which a population mean is likely to lie

42
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

A study in which people (or animals) of different ages are compared at a given time

43
Q

Longitudinal study

A

A study in which people (or animals) are followed and periodically reassessed over a period of time

44
Q

Effect size

A

An objective, standardized way of describing the strength of the independent variable’s influence on the dependent variable

45
Q

meta-analysis

A

A set of techniques for combining data from a number of related studies to determine the explanatory strength of a particular independent variable

46
Q

Bayesian statistics

A

Statistics that involve a formula for calculating the likelihood of a hypothesis being true and meaningful, taking into account relevant prior knowledge

47
Q

The TCPS2 and the CPA advocate that research follows these 8 major principles

A
  1. Respect for human dignity
  2. Respect for free and informed consent
  3. Respect for vulnerable persons, such as children
  4. Respect for privacy and confidentiality
  5. Respect for justice and inclusiveness
  6. Balancing harms and benefits
  7. Minimizing harm
  8. Maximizing benefit
48
Q

Informed Consent

A

The doctrine that anyone who participates in human research must do so voluntarily and must know enough about the study to make an intelligent decision about whether to take part

PSY 121 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions