Chapter 2

Question 1

Why has migration become more complex

Answer 1

Economic globalisation - new areas and host destinations

High conc of young and female

South south migration

Devloepment of corridors of bilateral flows

Conflict and persecution increase

Changes to national immigration and emigration policies

Question 2

Economic globalisation

Answer 2

Increasing number of countries and economies have become more independent

Intensification of gloabalisation process

Major bilateral corridors and traditional migrational partnership remained - but more places of origin and destination

Question 3

Inter regional - economic globalisation

Answer 3

SKILLED

• EDCS e.g India China Brazil
• move to ACS e.g USA and Canada

Opportunities, high salaries

UNSKILLED

• EDCS and lics e.g. India, Pakistan and Mexico
• move to EDCS e.g. Qatar , UAE

Labour, construction and oil

Question 4

intra regional migration - economic globalisation

Answer 4

-Increase in international migrant stock (6.5 mil in 2013) within asean
_ ASEAN- emerging e.g. thailand, singapore
- Desination = myanmar, canada, and laos

SOUTH AMERICA
- southern cone of argentinia, chile, uraguay and paraguay
_ Disparities in wages and labor opportunities

RETURNING MIGRANTS

• E.g. poland- prestigious positions at home
• Romania - return migration is 93% of the population

Question 5

high concentration of young workers

Answer 5

Employment opportunities, remittances and higher wages
Labor driven- UAE and Qatar

UAE- 7.83 milllion foreign born males into construction ( from 2013) (2.45 in 2000)

Question 6

High concentration of female workers

Answer 6

In 2013- 52% of all migrants in developing countries were female

• Europe, Latin america, NA, Oceana overtaking male
• Increased freedom, independence and importance

BUT - in asia and africa, females have little opportunity to migrate
- In 2013- 101 countries where migatn stock was higher for females

Question 7

Reasons for south south migration increasee

Answer 7

• Restrictive borders and barriers in north
  _ Fast growing economies in the south
• Opportunities, higher communications and development= more awarness of this
• Lower cost of moving
• Increased ease WITHIN trading blocks (ASEAN)
• INcreased remittance access
• More fleeing from conflict

Question 8

burkina- ivory coast

Answer 8

• West Africa has high levels of intra regional
• Burkina Faso is LANDLOCKED, LIC, GDP= US$648 per head
• Ivory Coast- LMIC, worlds largest Coacoa exporter, 2013- GDP=$1529

In 2013, 560,000 Ivorians living in BF( escaped IF conflict)

1.46 million born in BF live in IC- farming, cocaca, fertile lands, former French colonial administration= shared language, currency, coffee and cocoa plantations

Question 9

Myanmar to Thailand (south south migration )

Answer 9

Largest ASEAN flow
Both ‘south’ countries involving 1.9 million migrants
Thailand is Aseans fastest growing economy and many migrants who live below poverty line in Myanmar
Thailand needs to resolve labour shortages in e.g. Agriculture, fisheries , manufacturing
Thailand - minimum wage is 300 baht ($9)
Geographical proximity and freer flows of labour

MANY refugees from Myanmar government , escaping forced labour in government development projects like railway construction

Question 10

Conflict and persecution increase- increasing refugees

Answer 10

• effects of conflict

- political persecution - economic hardships - violation of human rights

Question 11

Number of refugees worldwide ?

Answer 11

2014( 19.5 million )
2015- Syria was tp source

Was 15.7 million in 2012

Question 12

In 2014, how many left houses per day ( conflict )

Answer 12

42,500

Question 13

Syria

Answer 13

Civil war in March 2011
Displacement of 7.6 million
Futher 4.7 million international refugees

• moving to turkey (1.9 in 2016), Lebanon ( 1,5) , turkey

Question 14

Lebanon ( form Syria)

Answer 14

Overwhelmed by refugees
In January 2015, government implemented need for entry raise

Syrians seeking work must be sponsored by Lebanese individual or company

Question 15

Changes to immigration and emigration policies

Answer 15

Some ac;s - use point based system to meet labour shortages in certain sectors

• in the devlo[ing world, some countries actively encourage emigration, largely to assist in the development process throug the financial benefits and skills ideas, business and ideas by returning migrants

Question 16

Emigration policy - Pakistan

Answer 16

Government are pro emigration
7 million Pakistanis working abroad(96% gulf cooperation council countries)
Migrant remittances- $11.5 billion in 2013 ( 5th largest in the world )

Question 17

Pakistan policy - what does it entail

Answer 17

Human rights of workers
Promotion of export of Pakistani manpower abroad
Encourage female participation in overseas employment (currently 0.12%)
Support for social networks and associations abroad
Training institutions - to help youth
Enhancement of impact of economic remittances and skills fo retuning migrants for development

Question 18

Canada- immigration policy

Answer 18

HIC 
Last year - 320,000 new comers 
More 20% of Canadians are foreign born 
Growth rate of GDP by 2.5% since 2013
Immigration policy - Jan 2013- creamy he'd 

Aimed at health care workers, IT specialists , engineers

Fast track - 1200 point

Taken 10,000 Syrians over 3 years from 2013

Question 19

Challenges faced by destination country

Answer 19

Number of children in workplace grown

High crime

Small illegal businesses, smuggling rackets

Some poor urban areas WAVES of overcrowding

Small by significant changes to local cultures , lifestyles and language

Question 20

Development of corridors of bilateral flows

Answer 20

Movement between 2 counties
Number of migrants, their composition , direction of flow
MEXICO AND USA

Question 21

REASOSN for bilateral migrant corridors

Answer 21

Costs of travel, ease of access and communication between the countries, efficiency and cot of seniding remittances, employment opportunities, effects of conflict adn persecution, migration policy, former influence e,g, language