Chapter 2

Question 1

duality of patterning

Answer 1

combine sounds to make words

Question 2

phrase structure rules

Answer 2

words are grouped into constituents, then sentences (NP & VP)

Question 3

recursion

Answer 3

repeated application, adding on to sentences

he had a dog, he had a big dog, he had a big brown dog…

Question 4

deliberate vs unintentional? Intentional?

Answer 4

only humans have intentional language. Whether or not the organism is purposely/actively trying to communicate or if the message is transmitted accidentally such as through body language

Question 5

nativist viewpoint

Answer 5

language capacity is genetically programmed

Question 6

non-nativist viewpoint

Answer 6

language is a product of our general cognitive ability to learn complex things

Question 7

universal grammar

Answer 7

innate knowledge of universal principles/tendencies/building blocks that apply to all languages

Question 8

3 required abilities for language

Answer 8

• ability to control voice and/or gestures
• ability to understand communicative intent
• ability to grasp linguistic structure

Question 9

affective pathway

Answer 9

used by non human primates, based on reaction (danger, mood)

Question 10

cognitive pathway

Answer 10

used w/ spoken language, used primarily by humans, (thought process)