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Psyc 100 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

analytical thinking

A

slow and reflective thinking that requires mental effort

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2
Q

intuitive thinking

A

quick and reflexive thinking without asserting much mental effort

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3
Q

scientific method

A

a step by step method or process to finding a conclusion

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4
Q

empiricism

A

psychological method based on observation

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5
Q

theory

A

number of findings that explain an event in the world; a broad statement that leads to a clear hypothesis

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6
Q

hypothesis

A

testable prediction

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7
Q

variable

A

anything that can change

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8
Q

operational defintion

A

a working definition of what we are measuring

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9
Q

peer review

A

experts of a topic identify things that undermine a study’s findings and conclusions and how to do better as a researcher

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10
Q

replication

A

important to research because it proves that something was not a “one-time fluke”

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11
Q

research methods

A

different ways of collecting data

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12
Q

naturalistic observation

A

watching behavior in real-world settings without trying to manipulate the situation

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13
Q

Benefit and limitations of naturalistic observation

A

frequently relevant to everyday life; no control over variables

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14
Q

case study

A

examines one person or a group of people in depth, often over an extended period of time

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15
Q

benefits and limitations of case studies

A

can be helpful in providing existence proofs; can lead to misleading conclusions

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16
Q

self report

A

questionnaires to find personality traits, mental illnesses, interests

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17
Q

benefits and limitations to self-report

A

measures of personality traits and behaviors work well; typically assume participants answer honestly and that they have enough insight into their personality characteristics to report on them accurately

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18
Q

random selection

A

procedure that ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate

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19
Q

response set

A

tendency to distort the answers to questions, often in way that paint them in a positive light

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20
Q

surveys

A

used to measure people’s opinions and attitudes

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21
Q

correlation studies

A

researches examine the extent to which two variables are associated

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22
Q

positive correlation

A

as the value of one variable changes, the other goes in the same direction

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23
Q

zero correlation

A

the variables don’t go together at all

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24
Q

negative correlation

A

as the value of one variable changes, the other goes in the opposite direction

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25
Q

correlation coefficient

A

the statistics that psychologists use to measure correlation (-1.0 - 1.0)

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26
Q

absolute value

A

the size of the correlation coefficient without the negative or positive sign in front of it

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27
Q

scatterplot

A

a grouping of points on a 2 dimensional graph

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28
Q

correlation vs causation

A

just because two things are correlated, doesn’t mean one causes the other

29
Q

third variable

A

the correlation between “A and B is the result of C”

30
Q

illusory correlation

A

the perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exists

31
Q

experimental research method

A

permit cause and effect inferences and consists of random assignment and an independent variable

32
Q

random assignment

A

the experimenter randomly sorts participants into one of two groups

33
Q

experimental group

A

receives manipulation

34
Q

control group

A

does not receive manipulation

35
Q

independent variable

A

variable the experimenter manipulates

36
Q

dependent variable

A

the variable that the experimenter measures to see whether this manipulation has produced an effect

37
Q

cofounding variable

A

any variable that differs between the experimental and control groups other than the independent variable

38
Q

extraneous variables

A

mistakes or variables that couldn’t fit into the experiment

39
Q

control variables

A

same between the groups but the purpose is to isolate one of the groups

40
Q

blind

A

unaware of whether one is in the experimental or control group

41
Q

double-blind

A

neither researches nor participants know who is in the experimental or control group

42
Q

placebo effect

A

improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement

43
Q

nocebo effect

A

harm resulting from the mere expectation of harm

44
Q

experimenter expectancy effect

A

when researchers’ hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias a study’s outcome

45
Q

demand characteristics

A

cues from an experiment that allow participants to generate guesses regarding the researchers’ hypotheses

46
Q

IRB

A

institutional review board; evaluates all research carefully with an eye toward protecting participants against abuses

47
Q

informed consent

A

researchers must tell subjects what they’re getting into before asking them to participate

48
Q

protection from harm and discomfort

A

psychologists must take reasonable steps to avoid harming participants

49
Q

deception

A

deliberately misleading participants about the study’s design or purpose

50
Q

debriefing

A

process whereby researchers inform participants what the study was about after deception

51
Q

animal research

A

invasive research where investigators cause physical harm to animals

52
Q

quasi-experiment

A

no random assignment

53
Q

true experiment

A

has random assignment

54
Q

statistics

A

the application of math to describing and analyzing data

55
Q

descriptive statistics

A

describe data with words, simple!

56
Q

central tendency

A

gives us the sense of where the bulk of the group tends to cluster

57
Q

mean

A

average

58
Q

median

A

the middle score on a data set

59
Q

mode

A

the most frequent score in a data set

60
Q

normal curve

A

bell-shaped; the mean is usually the best statistic to report when it form this shape

61
Q

variability

A

gives us a sense of how loosely or tightly bunched the scores are

62
Q

range

A

difference between the highest and lowest scores

63
Q

standard deviation

A

how far each data point is from the mean

64
Q

inferential statistics

A

allow us to determine how much we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population (guessing)

65
Q

statistical significance

A

result is believable; probably a real difference in the smaple

66
Q

clinical significance

A

the practical importance of a treatment effect

67
Q

practical significance

A

real-world importance

68
Q

steps of a scientific method

A 
1 observation
2 look for past research
3 hypothesis
4 research methods
5 collect data
6 analyze statistics/data
7 draw conclusion
8 theory building
9 peer review (by other experts in the field)
10 publish
11 replication

Psyc 100 (2 decks)

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