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Psyc 100 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

analytical thinking

A

slow and reflective thinking that requires mental effort

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2
Q

intuitive thinking

A

quick and reflexive thinking without asserting much mental effort

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3
Q

scientific method

A

a step by step method or process to finding a conclusion

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4
Q

empiricism

A

psychological method based on observation

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5
Q

theory

A

number of findings that explain an event in the world; a broad statement that leads to a clear hypothesis

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6
Q

hypothesis

A

testable prediction

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7
Q

variable

A

anything that can change

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8
Q

operational defintion

A

a working definition of what we are measuring

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9
Q

peer review

A

experts of a topic identify things that undermine a study’s findings and conclusions and how to do better as a researcher

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10
Q

replication

A

important to research because it proves that something was not a “one-time fluke”

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11
Q

research methods

A

different ways of collecting data

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12
Q

naturalistic observation

A

watching behavior in real-world settings without trying to manipulate the situation

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13
Q

Benefit and limitations of naturalistic observation

A

frequently relevant to everyday life; no control over variables

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14
Q

case study

A

examines one person or a group of people in depth, often over an extended period of time

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15
Q

benefits and limitations of case studies

A

can be helpful in providing existence proofs; can lead to misleading conclusions

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16
Q

self report

A

questionnaires to find personality traits, mental illnesses, interests

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17
Q

benefits and limitations to self-report

A

measures of personality traits and behaviors work well; typically assume participants answer honestly and that they have enough insight into their personality characteristics to report on them accurately

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18
Q

random selection

A

procedure that ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate

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19
Q

response set

A

tendency to distort the answers to questions, often in way that paint them in a positive light

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20
Q

surveys

A

used to measure people’s opinions and attitudes

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21
Q

correlation studies

A

researches examine the extent to which two variables are associated

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22
Q

positive correlation

A

as the value of one variable changes, the other goes in the same direction

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23
Q

zero correlation

A

the variables don’t go together at all

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24
Q

negative correlation

A

as the value of one variable changes, the other goes in the opposite direction

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25
correlation coefficient
the statistics that psychologists use to measure correlation (-1.0 - 1.0)
26
absolute value
the size of the correlation coefficient without the negative or positive sign in front of it
27
scatterplot
a grouping of points on a 2 dimensional graph
28
correlation vs causation
just because two things are correlated, doesn't mean one causes the other
29
third variable
the correlation between "A and B is the result of C"
30
illusory correlation
the perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exists
31
experimental research method
permit cause and effect inferences and consists of random assignment and an independent variable
32
random assignment
the experimenter randomly sorts participants into one of two groups
33
experimental group
receives manipulation
34
control group
does not receive manipulation
35
independent variable
variable the experimenter manipulates
36
dependent variable
the variable that the experimenter measures to see whether this manipulation has produced an effect
37
cofounding variable
any variable that differs between the experimental and control groups other than the independent variable
38
extraneous variables
mistakes or variables that couldn't fit into the experiment
39
control variables
same between the groups but the purpose is to isolate one of the groups
40
blind
unaware of whether one is in the experimental or control group
41
double-blind
neither researches nor participants know who is in the experimental or control group
42
placebo effect
improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement
43
nocebo effect
harm resulting from the mere expectation of harm
44
experimenter expectancy effect
when researchers' hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias a study's outcome
45
demand characteristics
cues from an experiment that allow participants to generate guesses regarding the researchers' hypotheses
46
IRB
institutional review board; evaluates all research carefully with an eye toward protecting participants against abuses
47
informed consent
researchers must tell subjects what they're getting into before asking them to participate
48
protection from harm and discomfort
psychologists must take reasonable steps to avoid harming participants
49
deception
deliberately misleading participants about the study's design or purpose
50
debriefing
process whereby researchers inform participants what the study was about after deception
51
animal research
invasive research where investigators cause physical harm to animals
52
quasi-experiment
no random assignment
53
true experiment
has random assignment
54
statistics
the application of math to describing and analyzing data
55
descriptive statistics
describe data with words, simple!
56
central tendency
gives us the sense of where the bulk of the group tends to cluster
57
mean
average
58
median
the middle score on a data set
59
mode
the most frequent score in a data set
60
normal curve
bell-shaped; the mean is usually the best statistic to report when it form this shape
61
variability
gives us a sense of how loosely or tightly bunched the scores are
62
range
difference between the highest and lowest scores
63
standard deviation
how far each data point is from the mean
64
inferential statistics
allow us to determine how much we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population (guessing)
65
statistical significance
result is believable; probably a real difference in the smaple
66
clinical significance
the practical importance of a treatment effect
67
practical significance
real-world importance
68
steps of a scientific method
``` 1 observation 2 look for past research 3 hypothesis 4 research methods 5 collect data 6 analyze statistics/data 7 draw conclusion 8 theory building 9 peer review (by other experts in the field) 10 publish 11 replication ```

Psyc 100 (2 decks)

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