Chapter 1

Question 1

multiply determined

Answer 1

caused by many factors

Question 2

individual differences

Answer 2

variations among people in their thinking, emotions, personality and behavior

Question 3

naive realism

Answer 3

belief that we see the world precisely as it is

Question 4

scientific theory

Answer 4

explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world

Question 5

hypothesis

Answer 5

testable prediction derived from a scientific theory

Question 6

confirmation bias

Answer 6

tendency to seek out evidence that supports our beliefs and deny, dismiss or distort evidence that contradicts them

Question 7

belief perseverance

Answer 7

tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them

Question 8

metaphysical claims

Answer 8

assertion about the world that is not testable

Question 9

pseudoscience

Answer 9

set of claims that seems scientific but isn’t

Question 10

ad hoc immunizing hypothesis

Answer 10

escape hatch or loophole that defenders of a theoy use to protect their theory from falsification

Question 11

patternicity

Answer 11

the tendency to perceive meaningful patterns in their absence

Question 12

terror management theory

Answer 12

theory proposing that our awareness of our death leaves us with an underlying sense of terror with which we cope by adopting reassuring cultural views

Question 13

scientific skepticism

Answer 13

approach of evaluating all claims with an open mind but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them

Question 14

critical thinking

Answer 14

set of skills for evaluating all claims in an open-minded and careful fashion; scientific thinking

Question 15

logical fallacies

Answer 15

claims that make intuitive sense that can lead to mistaken conclusions

Question 16

empiricism

Answer 16

the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense experience (smell, taste, touch, etc)

Question 17

psychology

Answer 17

the scientific study of the mind, brain, and behavior!

Question 18

levels of analysis

Answer 18

rungs on a ladder of analysis, with lower levels tied most closely to biological influences and higher levels tied most closely to social influences

Question 19

reciprocal determinism

Answer 19

the fact that we mutually influence each other’s behavior

Question 20

prescription for humility

Answer 20

Science is a process of continually updating and revising findings. scientists never claim to “prove” anything

Question 21

how many principles of scientific thinking?

Answer 21

6

Question 22

variable

Answer 22

anything that can vary

Question 23

Principle #1: ruling out rival hypothese

Answer 23

whenever we evaluate a psychological claim, we should ask ourselves whether we’ve excluded other plausible explanations for it

Question 24

Principle #2: correlation isn’t causation

Answer 24

we should remember that a correlation between two things doesn’t demonstrate a casual connection between them

Question 25

Principle #3: falsifiability

Answer 25

whenever we evaluate a psychological claim, we should ask ourselves whether one could, in principle, disprove it or whether it’s consistent with any conceivable body of evidence

Question 26

Principle #4:

Answer 26

whenever we evaluate a psychological claim, we should ask ourselves whether independent investigators have replicated the findings that support this claim; otherwise, the findings might be a one-time-only fluke

Question 27

Principle #5: extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence

Answer 27

whenever we evaluate a psychological claim, we should ask ourselves whether this claim runs counter to many things we know already and, if it does, whether the evidence is as extraordinary as the claim

Question 28

Principal #6: Occam’s Razor/Parsimony

Answer 28

whenever we evaluate a psychological claim, we should ask ourselves whether the explanation offered is the simplest explanation that accounts for the data or whether simpler explanations can account for the data equally well

Question 29

Nature/Nurture

Answer 29

are our behaviors derived from our genes (nature) or our surrounding environment?

Question 30

Free will-Determinism Debate

Answer 30

to what extent are our behaviors freely selected rather than caused by factors outside our control?

Question 31

Mind-Body Debate

Answer 31

argues that there is a two-way connection between the mind and the brain

Question 32

decline effect

Answer 32

fact that the size of psychological findings appears to be shrinking over time

Question 33

introspection

Answer 33

method by which trained observers carefully reflect and report on their mental experiences

Question 34

functionalism

Answer 34

aims to understand the adaptive purposes of psychological characteristics

Question 35

natural selection

Answer 35

principle that organisms possess adaptions survive and reproduce at a higher rate than do other organisms

Question 36

behaviorism

Answer 36

focuses on uncovering the general laws of learning by looking largely at observable behavior

Question 37

cognitivism

Answer 37

proposes that thinking is central to understanding behavior

Question 38

Freudian method

Answer 38

focuses on internal psychological processes that we aren’t aware of (unconsciousness)

Question 39

Evolutionary psychology

Answer 39

discipline that applies Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection to human and animal behavior

Question 40

What year did Wilhelm Wundt develop the first psyc lab?

Answer 40

1879

Question 41

Where is Wundt develop the first psyc lab?

Answer 41

Leipzeig, Germany

Question 42

basic research

Answer 42

research examining how the mind works

Question 43

applied research

Answer 43

research examining how we can use basic research to solve real-world problems

Question 44

the goals of psyc

Answer 44

to describe, explain, predict and control behavior

Question 45

philosophy

Answer 45

begat psychology along with biology