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Intro to Criminal Justice > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

The Crime Picture

1
Q

Two major sources of crime statistics

A

–Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR/NIBRS) Program run by the FBI

–National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) run by the Bureau of Justice Statistics

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2
Q

Crime clock includes two categories of offenses:

A

–Violent crimes: murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault
–Property crimes: burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, burglary, and arson

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3
Q

Clearance rate

A

–Proportion of reported crimes that have been “solved”
–Generally based on arrests
-only way a crime can be cleared is if someone is arrested

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4
Q

Murder

A
  • The unlawful killing of a human being

* Smallest numerical category in Part I offenses but has highest clearance rate

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5
Q

Multiple Murders

A

–Spree killings
–Mass murder
–Serial murder

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6
Q

Rape

A

Unlawful sexual intercourse achieved through force and without consent

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7
Q

Robbery

A

The unlawful taking or attempted taking of property that is in the immediate possession of another by force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear.

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8
Q

The two types of aggravated assault

A

–Simple (misdemeanor)

–Aggravated (felony) – involves weapon or victim requires medical assistance

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9
Q

Burglary

A

•The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft
•Considered a property crime although it may involve personal confrontation
-Usually in a building or car

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10
Q

Larceny-Theft

A
  • The unlawful taking or attempted taking of property from the possession of another
  • Most frequently reported Part I offense but may also be the most underreported crime category
  • Identity theft is special kind of larceny and is now a federal crime
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11
Q

Motor Vehicle Theft

A
  • Includes theft of self-propelled vehicles that run on the ground and not on rails
  • Highly reported because most insurance companies require police reports before reimbursing car owners
  • Low clearance rate
  • Carjacking involves violence
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12
Q

Arson

A

•Intentional or attempted burning of property

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13
Q

The National Crime Victimization Survey

A
  • Based on victim self-reports
  • First conducted in 1972
  • Designed to uncover information on the dark figure of crime – crimes that are not reported to the police
  • Early data showed that crimes of all types were more prevalent that UCR statistics indicated
  • Involves a survey of a nationally representative sample of about 90,000 households – only individuals aged 12+ are interviewed
  • Collects data on crimes against individuals and households
  • Definitions similar to those used by UCR/NIBRS
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14
Q

Concerns of the UCR

A

–Not all victims report crime
–Some crime types rarely reported
–Victim reports may be inaccurate
–High-tech and computer crime may be underrepresented
–Reports filtered through multiple levels
–Only includes data creators considered appropriate

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15
Q

Concerns of the NCVS

A

–Responses subjective
–Some victims less willing to respond
–Victims may be afraid to respond or may invent victimizations
–Only includes data creators considered appropriate

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16
Q

Crime Typology

A

–A classification of crimes along a particular dimension
–Used in the study and description of criminal behavior
–Social relevance is a central distinguishing feature of any meaningful typology

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17
Q

Violence Against Women Act (VAWA)

A
  • Increased grants for battered women’s shelters
  • Encouraged pro-arrest policies in cases of domestic abuse
  • Provided for creation of national domestic-violence hotline
  • Recent reauthorizations included new provisions–Protections for prospective foreign brides immigrating to the U.S.–Protections for gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender Americans
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18
Q

Crime against the Elderly

A
  • Criminal victimization declines with age
  • Older people (65+) generally experience the lowest rate of victimization of any age group
  • The elderly face risk of abuse at the hands of caregivers
  • More often targeted by con artists
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19
Q

Hate Crime

A
  • A criminal offense motivated by the offender’s bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity/national origin
  • Most motivated by racial bias
  • May also include intimidation such as vandalism, assault, etc.
20
Q

Identification Doctrine

A

Corporations can be treated as separate legal entities and convicted of crimes.

21
Q

Corporation Crime

A

A violation of criminal statute by a corporate entity or by its executives, employees, or agents for the benefit of the corporation.

22
Q

White-Collar Crime

A

Financially motivated nonviolent crime committed by business and government professionals.

23
Q

Organized Crime

A

The unlawful activities of the members of a highly organized, disciplined association engaged in supplying illegal goods or services.

24
Q

Transnational Organized Crime

A

Unlawful activity undertaken and supported by organized criminal groups operating across national boundaries.

25
Q

Gun Crime

A
  • Supreme Court has come down in support of the right to bear arms (2nd Amendment)
  • Legislation restricting gun ownership–1993 Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act –1994 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act–1996 Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban–2004 Protection of Lawful Commerce in Firearms Act
26
Q

Drug Crime

A
  • Drug crimes continued to rise in early 21st century while rates of other crimes decreasing
  • Led to significant increase in prison populations
  • White House Office of National Drug Control Policy estimates annual illicit drug sales in US of around $100 billion
  • Drug abuse linked to other serious crime
  • Legalization of medical marijuana
27
Q

Cyber Crime

A
  • Any crime perpetuated through the use of computer technology
  • Many are traditional offenses that use technology, rather than new forms of offending
  • Key concerns include computer viruses, spam, and phishing
28
Q

Terrorism

A

A violent act or an act dangerous to human life in violation of the criminal laws of the US or of any state, committed to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof in furtherance of political or social objectives.

29
Q

Domestic Terrorism

A

Offenders based within the US, acts directed against US government or population.

30
Q

International Terrorism

A

Offenders have connection with foreign power or activities transcend national boundaries.

31
Q

Cyber Terrorism

A

Using high technology to plan and carry out terrorist attacks.

32
Q

Middle tier groups

A

small groups with ties to an established terrorist organization but are largely self-directed.

33
Q

Bottom tier groups

A

Homegrown extremists

34
Q

Transnational Offenses

A

–Unlawful activity that occurs across national boundaries
–Includes drug running, human trafficking and smuggling, cybercrime, money laundering, and more “traditional” forms of crime

35
Q

Uniform Crime Report

A
  • run by FBI

- National system of uniform crime statistics

36
Q

Violent crime

A
  • Murder
  • Rape
  • Robbery
  • Aggravated Assault
37
Q

First degree murder vs. Second degree murder

A
  • First degree is planned

- Second degree is unplanned

38
Q

What facts must exist for a crime to be considered a “serial killing”?

A
  • Overtime
  • killing of 3 or more persons
  • separate incidents
39
Q

3 kinds of rape

A
  • Forcible
  • Statutory (under age of consent)
  • Date
40
Q

Robbery vs. Larceny/Theft

A
  • Robbery is forced or there is a fear of force

- Larceny/Theft is simply just taking something

41
Q

Aggravated assault vs. Simple Assault

A
  • Weapon is used, Person is severely injured

- Simple pushing/shoving, occasional punching

42
Q

More likely to be involved in crime

A

Men

43
Q

More likely to be injured in a crime

A

Women

44
Q

Phishing

A
  • Computer/Cyber crime

- An official looking email directing you to a phony website

45
Q

Mass Murder

A
  • Killing of 4 or more people

- In one location

Intro to Criminal Justice (3 decks)

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