Chapter 2

Question 1

black death

Answer 1

A disease that in the mid-fourteenth century killed about a third of the European population and left a legacy of increased food and resources for the survivors as well as a sense of a world in precarious balance.

Question 2

reconquest

Answer 2

The centuries-long drive to expel Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula undertaken by the Christian kingdoms of Spain and Portugal. The military victories of the Reconquest helped the Portuguese gain greater access to sea routes.

Question 3

Tainos

Answer 3

The Indians who inhabited San Salvador and many Caribbean islands and who were the first people Columbus encountered after making landfall in the New World.

Question 4

Treaty of Tordesillas

Answer 4

The treaty negotiated in 1494 to delineate land claims in the New World. The treaty drew an imaginary line west of the Canary Islands; land discovered west of the line belonged to Spain, and land to the east belonged to Portugal.

Question 5

Columbian exchnage

Answer 5

The transatlantic exchange of goods, people, and ideas that began when Columbus arrived in the Caribbean, ending the age-old separation of the hemispheres.

Question 6

conquistadors

Answer 6

Term, literally meaning “conquerors,” that refers to the Spanish explorers and soldiers who conquered lands in the New World.

Question 7

Incan empire

Answer 7

A region under the control of the Incas and their emperor, Atahualpa, that stretched along the western coast of South America and contained more than nine million people and a wealth in gold and silver.

Question 8

Acoma pueblo revolt

Answer 8

Revolt against the Spaniards by Indians living at the Acoma pueblo in 1599. Juan de Oñate violently suppressed the uprising, but the Indians revolted again later that year, after which many Spanish settlers returned to Mexico.

Question 9

encomienda

Answer 9

A system for governing used during the Reconquest and in New Spain. It allowed the Spanish encomendero, or “owner” of a town, to collect tribute from the town in return for providing law and order and encouraging “his” Indians to convert to Christianity.

Question 10

creoles

Answer 10

Land in the New World held by the Spanish crown. Spain pioneered techniques of using New World colonies to strengthen the kingdom in Europe and would become a model for other European nations.

Question 11

Protestant Reformation

Answer 11

The reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther’s critiques of the Roman Catholic Church, which precipitated an enduring schism that divided Protestants from Catholics.

Question 12

Why did European exploration expand dramatically in the fifteenth century? (pp. 27–30)

Answer 12

1

Question 13

How did Columbus’s discoveries help revolutionize Europeans’ understanding of global geography? (pp. 30–34)

Answer 13

1

Question 14

How did New Spain’s distinctive colonial population shape its economy and society? (pp. 35–46)

Answer 14

1

Question 15

How did Spain’s conquests in the New World shape Spanish influence in Europe? (pp. 46–49)

Answer 15

1

Question 16

How did Spain’s conquests in the New World shape Spanish influence in Europe? (pp. 46–49)

Answer 16

1

Question 17

How did the legacy of ancient Americans influence their descendants’ initial encounters and subsequent economic, social, and military relations with Europeans in the sixteenth century? (See chapter 1.)

Answer 17

1

Question 18

Before the arrival of Europeans, Native Americans in the New World had no knowledge of Christianity, just as Europeans had no knowledge of Native American religions. To what extent did contrasting religious beliefs and assumptions influence relations among Europeans and Native Americans in the New World in the sixteenth century? (See chapter 1.)

Answer 18

1

Question 19

extra

Answer 19

dagf