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A&P 1 Unit 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Protons

A

+

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2
Q

Electrons

A

-

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3
Q

Electron Shell 1

A

2 electrons

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4
Q

Electron Shell 2

A

8 electrons and eight for the rest of the shells

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5
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

Energy of Movement

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6
Q

Potential Energy

A

Storing energy

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7
Q

Chemical energy

A

Bonds

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8
Q

Electrical

A

Nerve impulse

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9
Q

Mechanical

A

muscle filaments ->

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10
Q

Radiant

A

UV Lights -> Vitamin D

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11
Q

Molecule

A

2 or more atoms held together by a chemical bond

Example: H2

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12
Q

Compound

A

2 or more different kinds of atoms held together by a chemical bond
Example: CH4

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13
Q

Solutions

A

homogeneous
solutes tiny, do not settle out
Example: seawater, air, mineral water

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14
Q

Colloids

A

heterogenous
solutes larger, do not settle out
Example: CFS: cerebrospinal fluid

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15
Q

Suspensions

A

homogeneous
solutes very large, do settle out
Sand and water

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16
Q

Ionic

A

a chemical bond formed by transferring an of one or more electrons from one atom to another
EX: NaCl

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17
Q

Anion

A

electron acceptor (-)

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18
Q

Cation

A

electron donor (+)

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19
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Electrons are shared between atoms to fill their outer electron shell

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20
Q

Polar (Bear)

A

Determined by the molecular shape
Unequal electron pair sharing
Example: H2O

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21
Q

Nonpolar

A

Equal Sharing
Electrically balanced
EX: CO2

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22
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Hydrogen atom is covalently linked to an electronegative atom
Example: Water molecules

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23
Q

Synthesis

A

Anabolic
Puts stuff together
EX: Amino Acid molecules binding to proteins

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24
Q

Decomposition

A

Catabolic
Falling apart
Glycogen - broken down bones into small glucose molecules

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25
Q

Redox

A

Cellular Respiration

Oxidized or Reduced

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26
Q

Oxidized (oil)

A

Loses electrons

Isocitrate loses hydrogen

27
Q

Reduced (rig)

A

Electron Acceptor

NaOH gains hydrogen

28
Q

Temperature

A

Speeds up to a certain point,

29
Q

Concentration

A

More you have the higher the reaction

30
Q

Particle Size

A

Small- Fast
Large- Slow
Reaction speed

31
Q

Catalysts

A

enzymes speed up

32
Q

High Heat Capacity

A

Absorbs and releases large amounts of heat before changing

EX: Lake Michigan and Cold Air

33
Q

High Heat of Vaporization

A

Changes from a liquid to a gas

EX: sweat meeting cold air = steam

34
Q

Polar Solvent Properties

A

Compounds and molecules dissociate in water

35
Q

Reactivity

A

Bond formation and breakage
Example:
Hydrolysis reaction – bond break
Dehydration reaction – bond form

36
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

bond break

37
Q

Dehydration reaction

38
Q

Cushioning

A

Protection from trauma

CSF protects brain

39
Q

Salts

A

Ionic compound that dissociates in water
Example: NaCl
All ions are electrolytes (conduct electrical current)

40
Q

Acids

A

Substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) – proton donors
1-6
more hydrogen ions = more acidic

41
Q

Bases

A

Proton acceptors – take up H+
Examples – hydroxyl ions (OH-) bind to H+
8-14
more hydroxyl ions = more alkaline

42
Q

Buffers

A

Changes in pH = BAD
Buffers – resist abrupt changes in pH of body fluids
Strong acids – completely dissociate in water and are irreversible; dramatically change pH
i.e.HCL
Weak acids – do not dissociate completely; do not affect pH
i.e. carbonic acid (H2CO3)

43
Q

Monosaccharides

A

1 sugar
Glucose and fructose
Carbohydrate

44
Q

Disaccharides

A

2 sugar
sucrose and lactose
Carbohydrate

45
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Many sugars
glycogen
Carbohydrate

46
Q

Triglycerides

A

Lipids

Glyceral -> 3 fatty acid backbone

47
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

a double bond

48
Q

Saturated Fat

A

no double bond

trans fat - solidified by adding H

49
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Prostaglandins
Pro-inflammation
Blood clotting and Wound healing

50
Q

Proteins

A

Long chains of amino acids connected by peptide bonds (polypeptide chain)

51
Q

Amino Acids

A 
20 types 
Amine group (NH2) + organic acid group (COOH)
R group – determines type
52
Q

Structural levels

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary
Determine function and specificity
Amino acids face outside or in (i.e. water-loving)

53
Q

Fibrous

A

Insoluble proteins and stable

Collagen, keratin

54
Q

Globular

A 
Water-soluble 
  Antibodies, protein-based hormones
May exhibit Denaturation
pH or temperature
example: milk producing hormones
55
Q

Chaperones

A

Escorts
Globular protein
Fxn: prevent incorrect folding, translocate across membranes, break down proteins, interaction with other cells

56
Q

Enzymes

A

Enzymes
Structure - globular protein
Catalysts Purely a protein

57
Q

Holoenzyme

A

apoenzyme (protein) + cofactor (vitamin or metal ion)

58
Q

Coenzyme

A

vitamin (i.e. Cellular Respiration Coenzyme A)

59
Q

Hydrolases

A

add H2O (hydrolysis rxn)

60
Q

Oxidases

A

add oxygen

61
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus

62
Q

Nucleotide

A 
the structural unit of nucleic acids 
Nitrogen-containing base: ATCGU
 Complementary bases
Pentose sugar
Phosphate group
63
Q

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

A 
primary energy-transferring molecule
RNA nucleotide (ribose)
Hydrolysis of ATP provides energy for chemical work, transport work, and mechanical work

A&P 1 Unit 1 (3 decks)

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