Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The visualization of bacteria required the use of a compound ____ microscope.

A

Light

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2
Q

The visualization organisms that fall in the range of nm (nanometers) requires the use of a ____ microscope.

A

Electron

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3
Q

The visualization of microorganisms that fall in the range of mm (milli-) can be seen by _____

A

The naked eye.

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4
Q

Dimensions of MACROscopic organisms are usually given in ___ and ___.

A

Centimeters (cm), meters (m)

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5
Q

Dimensions of most bacteria fall between ___ and ___ in size.

A

1 um - 10 um (micrometers)

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6
Q

The method of spreading a small culture sample over a medium in a pattern that gradually this out the sample - resulting in isolated colonies is called the _____ method.

A

Streak plate method

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7
Q

With the ___ ___ technique, a small vol. of liquid, diluted sample is pipetted onto the surface of the medium and spread around evenly by a sterile tool (“hockey stick”)

A

Spread plate

Cells are pushed onto separate areas on the surface so that they can form individual colonies

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8
Q

In the __ __ technique, the sample is inoculated serially into a series of cooled, but still liquid agar tubes - so as to dilute the number of cells in each successive tube in the series.

A

Loop dilution (or, pour plate)

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9
Q

Loop dilution: Inoculated tubes are poured into sterile Petri dishes and are allowed to ____

A

Solidify (harden)

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10
Q

Media whose compositions are precisely chemically defined are termed ___

A

Defined (PURE organic and inorganic compounds)

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11
Q

___ media contain at least one ingredient that is NOT chemically definable

A

Complex media

Extracts/cells, tissues, secretions

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12
Q

3 Examples of Complex media

A

Blood, serum, meat EXTRACTS/INFUSIONS (non synthetic)

  1. Nutrient broth
  2. Blood agar
  3. MacConkey agar
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13
Q

Media is classified according to 3 properties:

A
  1. Physical state
  2. Chemical composition
  3. Functional type (purpose)
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14
Q

___ is a polysaccharide - that acts as a solidifying agent in microbiological media.

A

agar

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15
Q

Agar is ___ at room temperature

A

Solid

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16
Q

Agar ___ at the boiling temperature of water (100 degrees C)

A

Melts (liquifies)

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17
Q

Once liquified, agar does not resolidify until ______

A

It cools to 42C

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18
Q

Agar can be inoculated and poured in liquid form at temperatures that will not harm the handler: ___ C - ___ C

A

45 C - 50 C

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19
Q

T/F: Isolation of colonies usually requires a large number of cells to be inoculated over an expansive area of medium

A

False

Requires a small # of cells to be inoculated into a relatively large volume or over a large area of medium

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20
Q

The ____ ____ is a property used to classify media - and referees to the medium’s normal consistency.

A

Physical state

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21
Q

Three methods of ISOLATING media

A
  1. Streak plate
  2. Loop dilution (pour plate)
  3. Spread plate
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22
Q

An effective microscope should provide good (3):

A
  1. Magnification
  2. Resolution
  3. Contrast
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23
Q

Magnification occurs in (#) phase(s)

A

2 (two phases)

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24
Q

Magnification: The lens closest to the specimen is called the ___ lens

A

Objective lens

Forms the INITIAL IMAGE

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25
Q

Magnification: The INITIAL image of the specimen is called the ___ ___

A

REAL image

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26
Q

Magnification: The image is projected up through the microscope body, the ___ ___ forms the second image.

A
Ocular lens (eyepiece)
- the lens closest to the eye
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27
Q

Magnification: The SECOND image is called the ___ ___

A

VIRTUAL image

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28
Q

The total power of magnification of the final image formed by the combined lenses is a product of:

A

The separate power of the two lenses

10X x 10X = 1000x, 40X x 10X = 400X…

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29
Q

The capacity of an optical system to distinguish or SEPARATE two adjacent objects/points from one another

A

Resolution (resolving power)

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30
Q

Refers to the degree of bending that the light undergoes - as it passes from one medium to another

A

Refractive index

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31
Q

Contrast: The higher the difference in refractive indexes (bending of light), the (duller/sharper) the contrast that is registered by the microscope and eye.

A

Sharper

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32
Q

Four types of visible-light microscopes

A
  1. Bright-field
  2. Dark-field
  3. Phase-contrast
  4. Interference
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33
Q

The fluorescence microscope uses ______ as the illuminating source.

A

UV radiation

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34
Q

The confocal microscope uses ____ as the illuminating source

A

A laser beam

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35
Q

Live samples of microorganisms are placed in ______ so that they can be observed as near to their natural state as possible

A

Wet mounts or hanging drop mounts

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36
Q

The smear technique was developed by __ __

A

Robert Koch

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37
Q

____ is any procedure that applies dyes to specimens.

A

Staining

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38
Q

(Simple/Differential)staining require only a single dye

A

Simple staining

And and uncomplicated procedure

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39
Q

Differential stains use two differently colored dyes, called the ___ and the ___, to distinguish between cell types or parts.

A

PRIMARY dye, and the COUNTERSTAIN

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40
Q

Procedure in which the dye sticks to the specimen and gives it color

A

Positive stain

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41
Q

Procedure in which the dye settles some distance from the specimen’s boundary, forming a silhouette

A

Negative stain

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42
Q

2 most common dyes used for negative staining

A
  1. Nigrosin (blue-black)

2. India ink (black carbon particles)

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43
Q

Value(s) of negative staining

A
  1. Simplicity
  2. Not heat fixed (reduced shrinkage/distortion)
  3. Accentuates the capsule
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44
Q

Necessary qualities of an effective microscope

A
  1. Magnification
  2. Resolution
  3. Contrast
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45
Q

Differential stains are general staining techniques that use a ___ followed by a ___ to distinguish between cell types and structures.

A
  • Primary dye

- counterstain

46
Q

Characteristics of enriched mediums (3)

A
  1. May contain special growth factors
  2. Can use to aid in fastidious organism growth
  3. May contain organic substances (blood, serum, Hgb)
47
Q

Place into order (largest - smallest)

  • Viruses
  • Protists
  • Bacteria
A

Protists
Bacteria
Viruses

48
Q

T/F: Fastidious organisms require growth factors and/or complex nutrients

A

True

49
Q

5 types of Differential stains

2 “+” fall into more than one category

A
  1. Gram
  2. Acid-fast
  3. Endospore
  4. Capsule +
  5. Flagellar +
50
Q

The name given to media which allow different types of microbes to grow - but are designed to display visible morphological, or chemical differences among those microbes is ____ media

A

Differential

51
Q

Is the ___ plate method, some colonies will develop deep in the medium itself, and not just on the surface.

A

Pour plate

52
Q

One can’t easily identify bacteria using only microscopic methods because bacterial cells are often so ___

A

Similar

53
Q

Five techniques to grow, examine, and manipulate microorganisms

A
  1. Inoculation
  2. Incubation
  3. Isolation
  4. Inspection
  5. Identification
54
Q

___ staining is designed to distinguish between spores stained with malachite green, and the vegetative cells from which they are produced.

A

Endospore

55
Q

Acid-fast stain:
acid-fast bacteria color ___
non-acid-fast bacteria color ___

A

acid-fast bacteria - pink
non-acid-fast bacteria - blue
(Original method for M.tuberculosis in specimens)

56
Q

Visualization of VIRUSES requires utilization of a ___ microscope

A

Electron

57
Q

___ is placing a culture in a temperature-controlled chamber to encourage multiplication.

A

Incubation

58
Q

Microbial growth in a liquid medium materializes as (4):

A

Cloudiness
Sediment
Scum
Color

59
Q

A visible accumulation of microorganisms in or on nutrient medium

A

Culture

60
Q

Organisms usually observed with light microscopes

A

Bacteria

61
Q

Polysaccharide found in sea alga that is commonly used to prepare solid culture media is called:

A

Agar

62
Q

Different types of culture ___ provide nutrients for microbial growth and can be designed to support the growth of certain microbes while inhibiting the growth of others

A

Media

63
Q

When a culture holds two or more identified, easily differentiated species of microbes, that culture is ___

A

Mixed

64
Q

A ____ culture resulted when a microbe of uncertain identity has been introduced into it.

A

Contaminated

65
Q

Capsule staining is used to observe the unstructured, protective layer surrounding some ___ and ___

A

Bacteria, Fungi

66
Q

Which unit of measurement represents the size of typical viruses?

A

Nanometer (nm)

67
Q

____ media are important in primary isolation of a specific type of microorganism from samples containing many other species such as saliva or feces.

A

Selective

68
Q

____ media allows multiple types of organisms to grow.

A

Differential

69
Q

___ staining involves any staining technique in which the dye actually sticks to the specimen and gives it color, instead of staining the background.

A

Positive

70
Q

A medium that works by showing two reaction types, such as the use/non-use of a nutrient, or color change in some colonies but not others is called a:

A

Differential medium

71
Q

____ media are media types that have fairly gelatinous or clot like consistency which allows microbiologists to observe motility in some microorganisms

A

Semisolid

72
Q

In ____ staining, the dye settles around the boundary of the specimen (rather than sticking to it), and forming a bright silhouette of the microbe on a dark background.

A

Negative

73
Q

A wet mount is suitable for observing:

A

LIVING motile or non-motile cells

74
Q

An image produced by ___ __ contrast microscopy will be vividly colored and appear 3D.

A

Differential interference (DIC)

75
Q

The factor that out limits the clarity of a microscope’s image is the ___ ___.

A

Resolving power

76
Q

The ___ plate technique uses a sterile tool, such as an L-shaped rod, to distribute the sample evenly around the surface of a plate.

A

Spread plate

77
Q

A ___ culture is one that contains only ONE species or microorganisms

A

Pure

78
Q

Defined as organic compounds that must be provided in the diet to facilitate growth (essential nutrients)?

A

Growth factors

79
Q

The Gram stain is the most universal differential staining technique for bacteria, and it differentiates bacteria based on their:

A

Cell wall

80
Q

The LACK OF CONTRAST in cell components - is compensated by ____ and _____

A
  1. Using special lenses (phase-contrast)

2. Adding dyes

81
Q

In Gram-staining, gram-____ cells are purple, whereas gram-____ cells appear pink/red.

A

Purple - positive

Pink,Red - negative

82
Q

Type of microscope that forms its image when light is transmitted through a specimen

A

Bright-field

83
Q

___ ___ is used in smear preparation to simultaneously kill and secure the specimen to the glass slide.

A

Heat fixation

84
Q

When viewing a specimen through a microscope, the ___ of view is the entire circular area that is seen through the ocular lens.

A

Field

85
Q

Serial inoculation of a sample into separate melted agar tubes which are then poured into separate Petri dishes and allowed to solidify is a method known as __ __

A

Pour plating

86
Q

When preparing a sample for ____ microscopy, specimens are sectioned into extremely thin slices, and stained/coated with metals to increase contrast.

A

Transmission electron (TEM)

87
Q

The observation of live and preserved, stained specimens in a white field involves the use of ____ microscopy.

A

Bright-field

88
Q

Phase-contrast microscopy compared to bright-field microscopy gives _____ internal detail of the cell.
A. Greater
B. Less

A

Greater

89
Q

___ ___ microscopy is most effectively used to visualize living cells that would be distorted by drying or heat, or that cannot be stained with usual methods.

A

Dark-field

90
Q

The ___ ___ is a measure of the amount light bends as it passes from one medium to another.

A

Refractive index

91
Q

A ____ microscope uses a laser beam to provide 3D images of specimens that have been stained with fluorescent dye.

A

Confocal

92
Q

The ___ image is formed when the REAL image is projected up through the microscope, to the plane of the ocular piece.

A

VIRTUAL image

93
Q

____ media are used to determine the MOTILITY of bacteria, and to LOCALIZE A REACTION at a specific site.

A

Semisolid

94
Q

___ staining is a general type of staining that does not disrupt the cell structure with heat fixation and can indicate the presence of a capsule.

A

Negative

95
Q

The detection and identification of M.tuberculosis in specimens specifically requires ______ staining.

A

Acid-fast

96
Q

____ media are media types that have a fairly gelatinous or clot like consistency which allows microbiologists to observe motility in some microorganisms.

A

Semisolid

97
Q

The factor that most limits the clarity of a microscope’s image is the ______

A

Resolving power

98
Q

____ microscopes are those types that use a bean of subatomic particles to allow for visualization of the specimen

A

Electron

99
Q

Temperatures in the range of 20C-40C are used for ___ during propagation of a microbial culture

A

Incubation

100
Q

What cell structure is designed to provide shape, support, and resistance to osmotic pressure?

A

Cell wall

101
Q

PG

A

Peptidoglycan

102
Q

Macromolecule that gives the cell wall of bacteria its rigid quality

A

Peptidoglycan

103
Q

Bacteria are constantly absorbing excess water by ___

A

Osmosis

104
Q

A ___ is an extrachromosomal piece of DNA that contains genes not essential for cell growth

A

Plasmid

105
Q

Only gram-____ bacteria possess an outer cell membrane

A

Negative

106
Q

Two main components of the cell envelope in most bacteria are the:

A
  1. Cell wall

2. Cell membrane

107
Q

The cell (wall / membrane) primary function: a barrier between the internal and external contents of the cell

A

Cell MEMBRANE

108
Q

The cell (wall / membrane) function: to maintain the structural strength of the cell

A

WALL (also cytoskeleton)

109
Q

The cell wall in bacteria is primarily composed of ____

A

Peptidoglycan

110
Q

Tiny particles composed of PROTEIN and RNA, that are the sites of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

111
Q

The phospholipid barrier surrounding the peptidoglycan layer in a gram-negative bacteria is called the ___ layer

A

Outer