Chapter 1 Flashcards
A polysaccharide found in seaweed, that is used to make solid culture media.
Agar
The specific study of microscopic organisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, Protozoa, Helminths, and viruses
Microbiology
T/F: A sterile environment is free of actively growing cells and microorganisms, but may contain viruses or dormant life forms such as endospores
False
Sterile - completely free of all life forms, including spores, and virus particles
The development of the ____ established the science of microbiology, by providing a means by which microorganisms could be viewed.
Microscope
Four main types of Lipids
- Triglycerides
- Phospholipids
- Steroids
- Waxes
An important storage Lipid, that includes fats and oils;
Composed of a single Glycerol, bound to three fatty acids
Triglyceride
A 3-carbon alcohol, with three OH groups that serve as binding sites
Glycerol
Long-chain hydrocarbon molecules, with a carboxyl group (COOH) at one end that is free to bind to Glycerol
Fatty acids
The hydrocarbon portion of a FATTY ACID can vary in length from __ to ___ carbons
4 to 24 carbons
May be saturated or unsaturated
Complex, ringed compounds commonly found in cell membranes of animals and fungi
Steroids
A steroid with an OH group
Sterol (cholesterol)
____ are large compounds that are composed of many smaller molecular subunits, most notably biochemicals.
Macromolecules
Four levels of PROTEIN ORGANIZATION (least to most complex)
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Quaternary
When humans manipulate microorganisms TO MAKE PRODUCTS in an industrial setting, it is called ___
Biotechnology
An area of biotechnology that manipulates the GENETICS of microbes, plants, and animals - for the purpose of CREATING NEW PRODUCTS and GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMOS)
Genetic engineering
Technology that makes it possible to transfer genetic material from one organism to another, and to deliberately alter DNA
Recombinant DNA technology
The ability of microorganisms (already present, or introduced intentionally) to restore stability, or to clean up toxic pollutants
Bioremediation
Designing organisms in the industrial setting that can provide human products through genetic engineering, or clean up environmental waste through bioremediation - is part of the sub discipline of microbiology referred to as ____
Biotechnology
A principle that has been tested and not disproved for many years
“Theory”
Taxonomy involves __ and __ living things
Naming and classifying
Proteins are polymers, composed of ___ ___.
Amino acids
What MONOsaccharide is the most common and important HEXOSE?
Glucose
Small, membrane-bound components found inside of a eukaryotic cell, such as mitochondria and lysosomes, are referred to as:
Organelles
A ____ is ANY TYPE of Macromolecule made up of a chain of repeating subunits called monomers.
Polymer
The ___ theory of disease, first proposed int he 1800s, stated that microorganisms could cause infection and illness.
Germ
What is meant when microorganisms are described as “ubiquitous”?
They’re nearly EVERYWHERE
The nucleic acid responsible for carrying out the hereditary program transmitted by an organism’s DNA is called:
RNA
____ is the biochemical process that uses the sun’s energy to produce organic material from CO2
Photosynthesis
A compound responsible for causing fever and shock in the host
Lipopolysaccharide
A molecular complex of LIPID and CARBOHYDRATE found in the gram-negative cell wall.
Lipopolysaccharide
Polysaccharide - type of Carbohydrate
The term __ is becoming less acceptable because it implies an artificial relationship between bacteria and archaea
Prokaryote
Bacteria and Archaea are predominantly ___ - celled organisms
Single-celled
In DNA, adenine always pairs with
Thymine
Usually has more than 20 amino acids
A. polypeptide
B. protein
C. peptide
Polypeptide
Usually contains more than 50 amino acids
A. polypeptide
B. protein
C. peptide
Protein
Composed of a short chain of amino acids
A. polypeptide
B. protein
C. peptide
Peptide
For the organism Staphylococcus aureus, aureus represents the ___ level of classification
Species
Acellular, not considered to be living, and they are simpler than cells
Viruses
An environment or material that is completely free of all life forms (including spores) and virus particles is referred to as ____
Sterile
The cells of (bacteria/eukaryotes/archaea) contain organelles
Eukaryotes
Encodes the order and type of amino acids in a given protein
A. mRNA
B. tRNA
C. rRNA
mRNA (messenger)
Carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis
A. mRNA
B. tRNA
C. rRNA
tRNA (transfer)
Is a structural component of the ribosome
A. mRNA
B. tRNA
C. rRNA
rRNA (ribosomal)
Cellular proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions are called ___
Enzymes
Polysaccharides contribute to or serve as:
Protection
Structural support
Nutrient & Energy stores
In general, disease causing organisms are referred to as:
Pathogens
Three domains of the Woese-Fox system of classification
- Archaea
- Bacteria
- Eukaryote
The structure of DNA is best described as a(n) ____ ____.
Double helix
The complete set of genetic information for a cell is carried in a molecule called:
DNA
____ are the predominant, organic macromolecules in cells that are responsible for their structure, behavior, and unique qualities.
Proteins
Developed numerous lab techniques
Established postulates, to verify the germ theory
Confirmed the bacterial cause of anthrax
Robert Koch
____ is a network of Polysaccharide chains, cross-linked by short peptides, that forms the structural support of bacterial cell walls
Peptidoglycan
Two physicians who recognized that humans could transfer infection to each other, leading to Joseph Lister to develop his aseptic techniques
- Holmes
2. Semmelweis
The units that serve as the building blocks of DNA and RNA are called:
Nucleotides
____ is the most common and universally important Hexose
Glucose
The ___ is the fundamental unit of life
Cell
____ provides the main source of structural support to the bacterial cell wall
Peptidoglycan
Hierarchy of Classification (most general to least)
(Domain) Kingdom (Phylum/Division) Class (Order) Family Genus Species
____ are large compounds that are composed of many smaller molecular subunits, most notably biochemicals
Macromolecules
For the organism Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus represents the ____ level of classification
Genus
Lipids encompass which groups of compounds
Fats (phospholipids, triglycerides)
Steroids
Waxes
T/F: Eukaryotic organisms can be single-celled or multicellular
True
Whittaker System of Classification (5 kingdoms)
Monera Protests Plants Fungi Animals
Transfer of genes from mature cell to mature cell - and even between species - without having reproduction is known as ____ gene transfer
Horizontal
