Chapter 1

Question 1

A polysaccharide found in seaweed, that is used to make solid culture media.

Answer 1

Agar

Question 2

The specific study of microscopic organisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, Protozoa, Helminths, and viruses

Answer 2

Microbiology

Question 3

T/F: A sterile environment is free of actively growing cells and microorganisms, but may contain viruses or dormant life forms such as endospores

Answer 3

False

Sterile - completely free of all life forms, including spores, and virus particles

Question 4

The development of the ____ established the science of microbiology, by providing a means by which microorganisms could be viewed.

Answer 4

Microscope

Question 5

Four main types of Lipids

Answer 5

1. Triglycerides
2. Phospholipids
3. Steroids
4. Waxes

Question 6

An important storage Lipid, that includes fats and oils;

Composed of a single Glycerol, bound to three fatty acids

Answer 6

Triglyceride

Question 7

A 3-carbon alcohol, with three OH groups that serve as binding sites

Answer 7

Glycerol

Question 8

Long-chain hydrocarbon molecules, with a carboxyl group (COOH) at one end that is free to bind to Glycerol

Answer 8

Fatty acids

Question 9

The hydrocarbon portion of a FATTY ACID can vary in length from __ to ___ carbons

Answer 9

4 to 24 carbons

May be saturated or unsaturated

Question 10

Complex, ringed compounds commonly found in cell membranes of animals and fungi

Answer 10

Steroids

Question 11

A steroid with an OH group

Answer 11

Sterol (cholesterol)

Question 12

____ are large compounds that are composed of many smaller molecular subunits, most notably biochemicals.

Answer 12

Macromolecules

Question 13

Four levels of PROTEIN ORGANIZATION (least to most complex)

Answer 13

1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary
4. Quaternary

Question 14

When humans manipulate microorganisms TO MAKE PRODUCTS in an industrial setting, it is called ___

Answer 14

Biotechnology

Question 15

An area of biotechnology that manipulates the GENETICS of microbes, plants, and animals - for the purpose of CREATING NEW PRODUCTS and GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMOS)

Answer 15

Genetic engineering

Question 16

Technology that makes it possible to transfer genetic material from one organism to another, and to deliberately alter DNA

Answer 16

Recombinant DNA technology

Question 17

The ability of microorganisms (already present, or introduced intentionally) to restore stability, or to clean up toxic pollutants

Answer 17

Bioremediation

Question 18

Designing organisms in the industrial setting that can provide human products through genetic engineering, or clean up environmental waste through bioremediation - is part of the sub discipline of microbiology referred to as ____

Answer 18

Biotechnology

Question 19

A principle that has been tested and not disproved for many years

Answer 19

“Theory”

Question 20

Taxonomy involves __ and __ living things

Answer 20

Naming and classifying

Question 21

Proteins are polymers, composed of ___ ___.

Answer 21

Amino acids

Question 22

What MONOsaccharide is the most common and important HEXOSE?

Answer 22

Glucose

Question 23

Small, membrane-bound components found inside of a eukaryotic cell, such as mitochondria and lysosomes, are referred to as:

Answer 23

Organelles

Question 24

A ____ is ANY TYPE of Macromolecule made up of a chain of repeating subunits called monomers.

Answer 24

Polymer

Question 25

The ___ theory of disease, first proposed int he 1800s, stated that microorganisms could cause infection and illness.

Answer 25

Germ

Question 26

What is meant when microorganisms are described as "ubiquitous"?

Answer 26

They're nearly EVERYWHERE

Question 27

The nucleic acid responsible for carrying out the hereditary program transmitted by an organism's DNA is called:

Answer 27

RNA

Question 28

____ is the biochemical process that uses the sun's energy to produce organic material from CO2

Answer 28

Photosynthesis

Question 29

A compound responsible for causing fever and shock in the host

Answer 29

Lipopolysaccharide

Question 30

A molecular complex of LIPID and CARBOHYDRATE found in the gram-negative cell wall.

Answer 30

Lipopolysaccharide | Polysaccharide - type of Carbohydrate

Question 31

The term __ is becoming less acceptable because it implies an artificial relationship between bacteria and archaea

Answer 31

Prokaryote

Question 32

Bacteria and Archaea are predominantly ___ - celled organisms

Answer 32

Single-celled

Question 33

In DNA, adenine always pairs with

Answer 33

Thymine

Question 34

Usually has more than 20 amino acids A. polypeptide B. protein C. peptide

Answer 34

Polypeptide

Question 35

Usually contains more than 50 amino acids A. polypeptide B. protein C. peptide

Answer 35

Protein

Question 36

Composed of a short chain of amino acids A. polypeptide B. protein C. peptide

Answer 36

Peptide

Question 37

For the organism Staphylococcus aureus, aureus represents the ___ level of classification

Answer 37

Species

Question 38

Acellular, not considered to be living, and they are simpler than cells

Answer 38

Viruses

Question 39

An environment or material that is completely free of all life forms (including spores) and virus particles is referred to as ____

Answer 39

Sterile

Question 40

The cells of (bacteria/eukaryotes/archaea) contain organelles

Answer 40

Eukaryotes

Question 41

Encodes the order and type of amino acids in a given protein A. mRNA B. tRNA C. rRNA

Answer 41

mRNA (messenger)

Question 42

Carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis A. mRNA B. tRNA C. rRNA

Answer 42

tRNA (transfer)

Question 43

Is a structural component of the ribosome A. mRNA B. tRNA C. rRNA

Answer 43

rRNA (ribosomal)

Question 44

Cellular proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions are called ___

Answer 44

Enzymes

Question 45

Polysaccharides contribute to or serve as:

Answer 45

Protection Structural support Nutrient & Energy stores

Question 46

In general, disease causing organisms are referred to as:

Answer 46

Pathogens

Question 47

Three domains of the Woese-Fox system of classification

Answer 47

1. Archaea 2. Bacteria 3. Eukaryote

Question 48

The structure of DNA is best described as a(n) ____ ____.

Answer 48

Double helix

Question 49

The complete set of genetic information for a cell is carried in a molecule called:

Answer 49

DNA

Question 50

____ are the predominant, organic macromolecules in cells that are responsible for their structure, behavior, and unique qualities.

Answer 50

Proteins

Question 51

Developed numerous lab techniques Established postulates, to verify the germ theory Confirmed the bacterial cause of anthrax

Answer 51

Robert Koch

Question 52

____ is a network of Polysaccharide chains, cross-linked by short peptides, that forms the structural support of bacterial cell walls

Answer 52

Peptidoglycan

Question 53

Two physicians who recognized that humans could transfer infection to each other, leading to Joseph Lister to develop his aseptic techniques

Answer 53

1. Holmes | 2. Semmelweis

Question 54

The units that serve as the building blocks of DNA and RNA are called:

Answer 54

Nucleotides

Question 55

____ is the most common and universally important Hexose

Answer 55

Glucose

Question 56

The ___ is the fundamental unit of life

Answer 56

Cell

Question 57

____ provides the main source of structural support to the bacterial cell wall

Answer 57

Peptidoglycan

Question 58

Hierarchy of Classification (most general to least)

Answer 58

``` (Domain) Kingdom (Phylum/Division) Class (Order) Family Genus Species ```

Question 59

____ are large compounds that are composed of many smaller molecular subunits, most notably biochemicals

Answer 59

Macromolecules

Question 60

For the organism Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus represents the ____ level of classification

Answer 60

Genus

Question 61

Lipids encompass which groups of compounds

Answer 61

Fats (phospholipids, triglycerides) Steroids Waxes

Question 62

T/F: Eukaryotic organisms can be single-celled or multicellular

Answer 62

True

Question 63

Whittaker System of Classification (5 kingdoms)

Answer 63

``` Monera Protests Plants Fungi Animals ```

Question 64

Transfer of genes from mature cell to mature cell - and even between species - without having reproduction is known as ____ gene transfer

Answer 64

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