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MICRO - Chapter 1 - Microbes > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

A polysaccharide found in seaweed, that is used to make solid culture media.

A

Agar

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2
Q

The specific study of microscopic organisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, Protozoa, Helminths, and viruses

A

Microbiology

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3
Q

T/F: A sterile environment is free of actively growing cells and microorganisms, but may contain viruses or dormant life forms such as endospores

A

False

Sterile - completely free of all life forms, including spores, and virus particles

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4
Q

The development of the ____ established the science of microbiology, by providing a means by which microorganisms could be viewed.

A

Microscope

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5
Q

Four main types of Lipids

A
  1. Triglycerides
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Steroids
  4. Waxes
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6
Q

An important storage Lipid, that includes fats and oils;

Composed of a single Glycerol, bound to three fatty acids

A

Triglyceride

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7
Q

A 3-carbon alcohol, with three OH groups that serve as binding sites

A

Glycerol

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8
Q

Long-chain hydrocarbon molecules, with a carboxyl group (COOH) at one end that is free to bind to Glycerol

A

Fatty acids

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9
Q

The hydrocarbon portion of a FATTY ACID can vary in length from __ to ___ carbons

A

4 to 24 carbons

May be saturated or unsaturated

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10
Q

Complex, ringed compounds commonly found in cell membranes of animals and fungi

A

Steroids

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11
Q

A steroid with an OH group

A

Sterol (cholesterol)

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12
Q

____ are large compounds that are composed of many smaller molecular subunits, most notably biochemicals.

A

Macromolecules

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13
Q

Four levels of PROTEIN ORGANIZATION (least to most complex)

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
  3. Tertiary
  4. Quaternary
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14
Q

When humans manipulate microorganisms TO MAKE PRODUCTS in an industrial setting, it is called ___

A

Biotechnology

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15
Q

An area of biotechnology that manipulates the GENETICS of microbes, plants, and animals - for the purpose of CREATING NEW PRODUCTS and GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMOS)

A

Genetic engineering

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16
Q

Technology that makes it possible to transfer genetic material from one organism to another, and to deliberately alter DNA

A

Recombinant DNA technology

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17
Q

The ability of microorganisms (already present, or introduced intentionally) to restore stability, or to clean up toxic pollutants

A

Bioremediation

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18
Q

Designing organisms in the industrial setting that can provide human products through genetic engineering, or clean up environmental waste through bioremediation - is part of the sub discipline of microbiology referred to as ____

A

Biotechnology

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19
Q

A principle that has been tested and not disproved for many years

A

“Theory”

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20
Q

Taxonomy involves __ and __ living things

A

Naming and classifying

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21
Q

Proteins are polymers, composed of ___ ___.

A

Amino acids

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22
Q

What MONOsaccharide is the most common and important HEXOSE?

A

Glucose

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23
Q

Small, membrane-bound components found inside of a eukaryotic cell, such as mitochondria and lysosomes, are referred to as:

A

Organelles

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24
Q

A ____ is ANY TYPE of Macromolecule made up of a chain of repeating subunits called monomers.

A

Polymer

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25
Q

The ___ theory of disease, first proposed int he 1800s, stated that microorganisms could cause infection and illness.

A

Germ

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26
Q

What is meant when microorganisms are described as “ubiquitous”?

A

They’re nearly EVERYWHERE

27
Q

The nucleic acid responsible for carrying out the hereditary program transmitted by an organism’s DNA is called:

A

RNA

28
Q

____ is the biochemical process that uses the sun’s energy to produce organic material from CO2

A

Photosynthesis

29
Q

A compound responsible for causing fever and shock in the host

A

Lipopolysaccharide

30
Q

A molecular complex of LIPID and CARBOHYDRATE found in the gram-negative cell wall.

A

Lipopolysaccharide

Polysaccharide - type of Carbohydrate

31
Q

The term __ is becoming less acceptable because it implies an artificial relationship between bacteria and archaea

A

Prokaryote

32
Q

Bacteria and Archaea are predominantly ___ - celled organisms

A

Single-celled

33
Q

In DNA, adenine always pairs with

A

Thymine

34
Q

Usually has more than 20 amino acids
A. polypeptide
B. protein
C. peptide

A

Polypeptide

35
Q

Usually contains more than 50 amino acids
A. polypeptide
B. protein
C. peptide

A

Protein

36
Q

Composed of a short chain of amino acids
A. polypeptide
B. protein
C. peptide

A

Peptide

37
Q

For the organism Staphylococcus aureus, aureus represents the ___ level of classification

A

Species

38
Q

Acellular, not considered to be living, and they are simpler than cells

A

Viruses

39
Q

An environment or material that is completely free of all life forms (including spores) and virus particles is referred to as ____

A

Sterile

40
Q

The cells of (bacteria/eukaryotes/archaea) contain organelles

A

Eukaryotes

41
Q

Encodes the order and type of amino acids in a given protein
A. mRNA
B. tRNA
C. rRNA

A

mRNA (messenger)

42
Q

Carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis
A. mRNA
B. tRNA
C. rRNA

A

tRNA (transfer)

43
Q

Is a structural component of the ribosome
A. mRNA
B. tRNA
C. rRNA

A

rRNA (ribosomal)

44
Q

Cellular proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions are called ___

A

Enzymes

45
Q

Polysaccharides contribute to or serve as:

A

Protection
Structural support
Nutrient & Energy stores

46
Q

In general, disease causing organisms are referred to as:

A

Pathogens

47
Q

Three domains of the Woese-Fox system of classification

A
  1. Archaea
  2. Bacteria
  3. Eukaryote
48
Q

The structure of DNA is best described as a(n) ____ ____.

A

Double helix

49
Q

The complete set of genetic information for a cell is carried in a molecule called:

A

DNA

50
Q

____ are the predominant, organic macromolecules in cells that are responsible for their structure, behavior, and unique qualities.

A

Proteins

51
Q

Developed numerous lab techniques
Established postulates, to verify the germ theory
Confirmed the bacterial cause of anthrax

A

Robert Koch

52
Q

____ is a network of Polysaccharide chains, cross-linked by short peptides, that forms the structural support of bacterial cell walls

A

Peptidoglycan

53
Q

Two physicians who recognized that humans could transfer infection to each other, leading to Joseph Lister to develop his aseptic techniques

A
  1. Holmes

2. Semmelweis

54
Q

The units that serve as the building blocks of DNA and RNA are called:

A

Nucleotides

55
Q

____ is the most common and universally important Hexose

A

Glucose

56
Q

The ___ is the fundamental unit of life

A

Cell

57
Q

____ provides the main source of structural support to the bacterial cell wall

A

Peptidoglycan

58
Q

Hierarchy of Classification (most general to least)

A 
(Domain)
Kingdom
(Phylum/Division)
Class
(Order)
Family
Genus
Species
59
Q

____ are large compounds that are composed of many smaller molecular subunits, most notably biochemicals

A

Macromolecules

60
Q

For the organism Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus represents the ____ level of classification

A

Genus

61
Q

Lipids encompass which groups of compounds

A

Fats (phospholipids, triglycerides)
Steroids
Waxes

62
Q

T/F: Eukaryotic organisms can be single-celled or multicellular

A

True

63
Q

Whittaker System of Classification (5 kingdoms)

A 
Monera
Protests
Plants
Fungi
Animals
64
Q

Transfer of genes from mature cell to mature cell - and even between species - without having reproduction is known as ____ gene transfer

A

Horizontal

MICRO - Chapter 1 - Microbes (2 decks)

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