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Educ 220 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Development

A

Orderly, adaptive changes that humans (or animals) go through from conception to death

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2
Q

Physical development

A

changes in body structure that take place as one grows

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3
Q

Personal development

A

Changes in personality that take place as one grows

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4
Q

Social development

A

Changes over time in the ways in which one relates to others

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5
Q

Cognitive development

A

gradual, overly changes by which mental processes become more complex and sophisticated

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6
Q

Maturation

A

Genetically programmed, naturally occurring changes over time

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7
Q

Coactions

A

Joints action of individual biology and environment– each shapes and influences the other

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8
Q

Sensitive periods

A

Times when a person is especially ready for or responsive to certain experiences

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9
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells that store and transfer information

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10
Q

neurogenesis

A

the production of new neurons

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11
Q

synapses

A

the tiny space between neurons; chemical messages are sent across these gaps

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12
Q

myelination

A

the process by which neural fibres are coated with a fatty sheath called myelin that makes message transfer more efficient

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13
Q

Lateralization

A

The specialization of the two hemispheres of the brain cortex

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14
Q

Plasticity

A

The brain’s tendency to remain somewhat adaptable or flexible

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15
Q

Organization

A

Ongoing process of arranging information and experience into mental systems or categories

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16
Q

Adaptation

A

adjustment to the environment

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17
Q

Schemes

A

Mental systems or categories of perception and experience

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18
Q

Assimilation

A

Fitting new information into existing schemes

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19
Q

Accomodation

A

Altering existing schemes or creating new ones in response to new information

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20
Q

Equilibration

A

Search for mental balance between cognitive schemes and information from the environment

21
Q

Disequilibrium

A

In Piaget’s theory, the out-of-balance state that occurs when a person realizes that his or her current ways of thinking are not working to solve a problem or understand a situation

22
Q

Sensorimotor

A

Involving the senses and motor activity

23
Q

object permanence

A

the understanding that objects have a separate, permanent existence

24
Q

Goal-directed actions

A

Deliberate actions toward a goal

25
Q

Operations

A

Actions that a person carries out by thinking them through instead of literally performing them

26
Q

Preoperational

A

The stage of development before a child masters logical mental operations

27
Q

Semiotic function

A

The ability to use symbols–language, pictures, signs, or gestures–to represent actions or objects mentally

28
Q

Reversible thinking

A

Thinking backward, from the end to the beginning

29
Q

Conservation

A

Principle that some characteristics of an object remain the same despite changes in appearance

30
Q

Decentring

A

Focusing on more than one aspect at a time

31
Q

Egocentric

A

Assuming that others experience the world the way you do

32
Q

Concrete operations

A

Mental tasks tied to concrete objects and situations

33
Q

Identity

A

The principle that a person or object remains the same over time

34
Q

Compensation

A

The principle that changes in one dimension can be offset by changes in another dimension

35
Q

Reversibility

A

A characteristic of Piagetian logical operations–the ability to think through a series of steps, then mentally reverse the steps and return to the starting point; also called reversible thinking

36
Q

classification

A

grouping objects into categories

37
Q

Seriation

A

arrangement of objects in sequential order according to one aspect, such as size, weight, or volume

38
Q

Formal operations

A

Mental tasks involving abstract thinking and coordination of a number of variables

39
Q

Hypothetico-deductive reasoning

A

A formal-operations problem-solving strategy in which an individual begins by identifying all the factors that might affect a problem and then deduces and systematically evaluates specific solutions

40
Q

Adolescent egocentrism

A

Assumption that everyone else is interested in one’s thoughts, feelings, and concerns

41
Q

Neo-Piagetian theories

A

More recent theories that integrate findings about attention, memory, and strategy use with Piaget’s insights about children’s thinking and the construction of knowledge

42
Q

Sociocultural theory

A

theory that emphasizes the role in development of cooperative dialogues between children and more knowledgable members of society; children learn the culture of their community through these interactions

43
Q

Co-constructed

A

constructed through a social process in which people interact and negotiate to create an understanding or to solve a problem; the final product is shaped by all participants

44
Q

Cultural tools

A

the real tools and symbol systems that allow people in a society to communicate, think, solve problems, and create knowledge

45
Q

collective monologue

A

when kids all talk but don’t actually communicate

46
Q

Private speech

A

children’s self talk, guides thinking and action. Eventually this becomes intenalized

47
Q

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

A

Phrase at which a child can master a task if given appropriate help and support

48
Q

Scaffolding

A

Support for learning and problem solving; the support could be clues, reminders, encouragement, breaking the problem down into steps

49
Q

Assisted learning

A

Learning by having strategic help provided in the initial stages; the help gradually diminishes as students gain independence

Educ 220 (2 decks)

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