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Radiation Protection > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Roentgen - R (Air Kerma)

A

A unit for measuring exposure or intensity. Defined only for radiation effect on air.

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2
Q

The Roentgen is essentially a measure of…

A

How many ion pairs are formed in a given volume of air when it is exposed to radiation

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3
Q

The Roentgen is NOT a measure of…

A

Energy absorbed, or dose. Only applies to gamma and x-rays

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4
Q

The Roentgen’s SI unit is…

A

Grays in air (Gya)

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5
Q

The Gya represents…

A

The quantity of electrical charge in joules produced by the exposure of 1kg of dry air (1 J/kg = 1 Gya)

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6
Q

The Roentgen or Gya does not

A

Relate the amount of exposure to biological effects of radiation in the human body

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7
Q

“Rad” stands for

A

Radiation absorbed dose

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8
Q

The rad is a unit for measuring…

A

Absorbed dose in any material.

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9
Q

The SI unit for absorption is…

A

The Gray in tissue or Gyt

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10
Q

Absorbed Dose

A

Energy being deposited by the radiation. It is defined for any material, and applies to all types of radiation

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11
Q

Gray is

A

1 J of energy absorbed in 1kg of tissue

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12
Q

Gyt does not

A

Take into account the potential effect that different types of raisin have in the body.

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13
Q

Gyt can be used as a measure of ____ but NOT ____

A

Energy absorbed by the body, but NOT AS a measure of the relative biological effect (harm or risk) to the body

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14
Q

4 Types of Ionizing Radiation

A
  1. Alpha Particles
  2. Beta Particles
  3. Gamma Rays
  4. Neutron Particles
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15
Q

Rem

A

Radiation Equivalent Man. Accurately expresses the biological response of exposed individuals to the same quantity of different radiation.

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16
Q

Rem takes into account…

A

The energy absorbed (dose) and the relative biological effect on the body due to different types of radiation (expressed as the “quality factor” of radiation)

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17
Q

Rem is therefore a measure of

A

Relative harm or risk caused by a given dose of radiation when compared to any other doses of radiation of any type (dose equivalent)

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18
Q

Occupational Radiation Exposure is recorded in…

A

Rems

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19
Q

The rem is thought of as the unit of…

A

Biological Hazard

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20
Q

SI equivalent of the rem is…

A

Sievert (Sv)

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21
Q

Quality Factor

A

Where each type of radiation is assigned a number based upon its absorbed energy in a mass of tissue and it’s relative biological effect as compared to x ray

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22
Q

X-rays, gamma rays, electrons, and beta rays have a radiation weighing factor of…

A

1

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23
Q

Protons have a Radiation weighing factor of

A

5

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24
Q

Neutrons (depending on energy) have a radiation weighing factor of

A

5-20

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25
Q

Alpha Particles have a radiation weighing factor of

A

20

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26
Q

The Curie (Ci) is

A

The traditional unit of radioactivity, named after Marie and Pierre Curie

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27
Q

The Curie (Ci) is defined as

A

1 Ci = 3.7 x 10^10 decays per second

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28
Q

One Curie is roughly the activity of

A

1 Gram of the radium isotope Ra^226

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29
Q

The SI unit of radioactivity (opposite Ci) is

A

The Becquerel (Bq) which equates to 1 nucleus decay per second

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30
Q

The Bq represents

A

One emission of an alpha or beta particle or a gamma ray from a radioactive object

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31
Q

X-Rays ionize substances by removing electrons, potentially creating

A

Free radicals (an energized electron and an unstable atom) within the body

32
Q

Most effects of exposure are short lived because

A

The great majority of cellular injures are repaired by enzymatic action and free radicals are neutralized (electrons find a new home and return to normal)

33
Q

In some cases, cell damage can have a negative impact on…

A

Cell function and reproduction

34
Q

Free radicals can permanently damage…

A

Cells and its DNA programming. Can be passed to cells offspring

35
Q

French Physicists Bergonie and Tribondeau came up with

A

Laws regarding the characteristics of different cells and their corresponding radioactivity

36
Q

4 Factors of Cell Sensitivity

A
  1. Age (younger cells are more sensitive)
  2. Differentiation (more primitive/simple cells are more sensitive)
  3. Metabolic Rate (cells with a higher metabolism are more sensitive)
  4. Mitotic Rate (cells that divide and multiply more rapidly/prolific cells are more sensitive)
37
Q

Stem cells are ____ while mature cells are ____

A

Radiosensitive; radioresistant

38
Q

A highly differentiated cell is _____

A

Highly specialized (like a neuron)

39
Q

Cells with High Radiosensitivity

A
  1. Lymphocytes
  2. Erythroblasts (in bone marrow)
  3. Lens of the eyes
  4. Oocytes (egg cells)
  5. Spermatogonia
40
Q

Cells with Intermediate Radiosensitivity

A
  1. Myelocytes (bone marrow)
  2. Intestinal crypt cells (GI lining cells)
  3. Skin basal cells (internal linings)
  4. Endothelial cells (internal linings)
  5. Glands in general
  6. Osteoblasts (precursor for bones)
  7. Spermatoblasts
  8. Spermatozoa
  9. Osteocytes
  10. Erythrocytes
41
Q

Cells with Low Radiosensitivity

A

Muscle
Connective Tissue (cartilage, ligaments, tendons)
Nerve/brain cells

42
Q

Radiation Dose-Response Relationship

A

Allows us to predict the effects of radiation dose on the human body

43
Q

Radiation Dose-Response relationships are demonstrated

A

Graphically through a curve that maps the observed effects of radiation exposure (y/vertical axis) in relation to dose of radiation received (x/horizontal axis)

44
Q

As dose escalates…

A

So do most effects

45
Q

Every radiation dose-response relation has 2 characteristics:

A

Linear and Nonlinear & Threshold and Non Threshold

46
Q

Linear

A

Response is directly proportionate to the dose and represented by a straight line on graphs

47
Q

Nonlinear

A

Response is not directly proportionate to the dose and represented by a curved line

48
Q

Threshold

A

Indicates that there is a certain dose that must be obtained before a response will be seen (intercept the dose axis at some value greater than 0)

49
Q

Nonthreshold

A

Indicates that any dose, regardless of its size, will produce a response (intercept the dose axis at zero)

50
Q

Somatic Effects

A

The biological damage of an organism due to the exposure of that organism to ionizing radiation. Can be classified as early or late depending on the length of time from exposure to appearance of symptoms

51
Q

Genetic Effects

A

The biological damage or abnormalities expressed in the offspring of a parent that has been exposed to ionizing radiation

52
Q

Factors of Somatic and Genetic Effects

A
  1. The quantity of ionizing radiation to which the subject is exposed
  2. The ability of the IR to cause ionization of human tissue
  3. The amount of body area exposed
  4. The specific body parts exposed
53
Q

Nonstochastic (deterministic) Effects (early or short term)

A

When biological effects of radiation occur relatively soon after receiving high doses of IR (usually occur within 3 months of exposure). Result of a very high dose of IR exposure.

54
Q

Early (Nonstochastic)

effects are defined as when

A

the magnitude/severity of the somatic effect is directly proportional/dependent to the size of the dose (has a Threshold)

55
Q

As dose increases, so does…

A

The severity of biologic damage

56
Q

Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS)

A

Also known as radiation sickness; occurs in humans after whole body reception of large doses of IR in a short period of time

57
Q

The initial stage of ARS occurs

A

Within hours of a whole body absorbed dose of 1 Gyt or more. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, erythema, and leukopenia (decrease in WBC count)

58
Q

3 Dose related syndromes as part of total-body syndrome

A
  1. Hematopoietic Syndrome (1-10 Gyt)
  2. Gastrointestinal Syndrome (whole body Threshold dose around 6 Gyt)
  3. Cerebrovascular Syndrome (Whole body doses of 50 Gyt or more)
59
Q

LD 50/30

A

The radiation dose that would result in death of 50% of the population within 30 days of exposure. The dose is about 3 Gy.

60
Q

Late/Long Term Radiation Effects

A

When there is a long time between the exposure to IR and the observation of biologic effect (5-30 years, although greatest percentage occurs between 10-15)

61
Q

Late Stochastic (probabilistic) somatic effects

A

Late effects that can be directly related to the dose received and occur months or years after a high level radiation exposure

62
Q

Examples of Late Stochastic (probabilistic) effects

A

Fibrosis/Organ atrophy/loss of paraenchymal cells

Reduces fertility and sterility

63
Q

Long term effects can be more ____ than short term effects because short term effects are more ____

A

Random; predictable

64
Q

Characteristics of Late Stochastic (probabilistic) somatic effects

A

Do not have a Threshold, occur in an arbitrary or probabilistic manner, have a severity that does not depend on Dose, and occur months or years after exposure

65
Q

Likelihood of stochastic effects is _____ when Dose is _____

A

Increases when dose is increased (effects may be the result of repeated small doses)

66
Q

In general, Stochastic Effects are

A

Associated with all levels of radiation exposure, including very small doses

67
Q

Some documented latent effects of low dose IR over a long period of time include

A

Cataracts
Carcinogenesis (increased risk of malignant disease)
Birth defects
Life span shortening

68
Q

What is the most radiosensitive molecule in the human body

A

DNA (can be easily damaged by the energy in radiation or by the action of free radicals the radiation creates)

69
Q

With sperm cells…

A

The radiation to the stem cells that produce sperm can become damaged and produce sperm with genetic mutations

70
Q

Mutated genes may be _____ but are still _____

A

Recessive; possessed

71
Q

Annual whole body effective dose limit for the occupational work is

A

5 rem/50 mSv

72
Q

ALARA

A

Occupational exposure should be kept As Low As Reasonably Possible

73
Q

Lifetime accumulated whole body dose equivalent follows the formula:

A

10mSv x age in years

74
Q

3 principles in radiation protection

A

Time, distance, and shielding

75
Q

Dosimetry is required for

A

Any radiation workers that are likely to risk receiving 10% or more of the annual occupational effective dose limit of 50mSv

76
Q

Unlike Stochastic (Late) Effects, Nonstochastic Effects have…

A

A clear relationship between exposure and effect

Radiation Protection (2 decks)

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