Chapter 2

Question 1

Visible crime

Answer 1

An offense against persons or property, committed primarily by members of the lower class. Often referred to as “street crime” or “ordinary crime,” this type of offense is the most upsetting to the public

Question 2

Violent crimes

Answer 2

Acts against people in which death or physical injury results are violent crimes

Question 3

Property crimes

Answer 3

Acts that threaten property held by individuals or by the state.

Question 4

Public-order crimes

Answer 4

Acts that threaten the general well-being of society and challenge accepted moral principles are defined as public-order crimes

Question 5

Occupational crimes

Answer 5

Criminal offenses committed through opportunities created in a legal business or occupation.

Question 6

Organized crime

Answer 6

A framework for the perpetration of criminal acts-usually in Fields such as gambling, drugs, and prostitution-providing illegal services that are in great demand.

Question 7

Money Laundering

Answer 7

Moving that proceeds of criminal activities trough a maze of businesses, banks, and brokerage accounts so as to disguise their origin.

Question 8

Transitional crime

Answer 8

Profit-seeking criminal activities that involve planning or execution across national borders

Question 9

Victimless crimes

Answer 9

Offenses involving a willing and private exchange of legal goods or services that are in strong demand. Participants do not feel they are being harmed, but these crimes are prosecuted in the grounds that society as a whole is being injured.

Question 10

Political crime

Answer 10

An act, usually done for ideological purposes, that constitutes a threat against the state (such as treason, sedition, or espionage); or a criminal act by the state

Question 11

Cyber crimes

Answer 11

Offenses that involve the uses of one or more computers/

Question 12

Dark figure of crime

Answer 12

A metaphor that emphasizes the dangerous dimension of crimes that are never reported by the police.

Question 13

Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

Answer 13

An annually published statistical summary of crimes reported to the police, based on voluntary reports to the FBI by local, State, and federal law enforcement agencies.

Question 14

National Incident-based Reporting system (NIBRS)

Answer 14

A reporting system in which the police describe each offenses in a crime incident, together with data describing the offender, victim, and property.

Question 15

National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

Answer 15

Interviews of samples of the U.S. population conducted by the Bureau of justice statistics to determine the number and types of criminal victimizations and thus the extent of unreported as well as reported crime.

Question 16

Age

Answer 16

Changes in age makeup of the population are a key factor in the analysis of crime trends. It has losing been thought known that men aged 16-24 are the most crime-prone

Question 17

Victimology

Answer 17

A field of criminology that examines the role the victim plays in precipitating a criminal incident and also examines the impact of crimes on victims

Question 18

Classical criminology

Answer 18

A school of criminology that views behaviors as stemming from free will, demands responsibility of all perpetrators, and stresses the need for punishments severe enough to deter others.

Question 19

Positivist criminology

Answer 19

A school of criminology that views behavior as stemming from social, biological, and physiological factors. It argues that punishment should be tailored to the individual needs of the offender.

Question 20

Criminogenic

Answer 20

Having factors though to bring about criminal behavior is an individual.

Question 21

Biological explanations

Answer 21

Explanations of crime that emphasize physiological and neurological factors that may predispose a person to commit crimes.

Question 22

Psychological explanations

Answer 22

Explanations of crime that emphasize mental processes and behavior.

Question 23

Sociological explanations

Answer 23

Explanations of crime that emphasize as cause of criminal behavior the social conditions that bear on the individual

Question 24

Social structure theories.

Answer 24

Theories that blame crime on the existence of a powerless lower class that lives with poverty and deprivation and often turns to crime in response.

Question 25

Anomie

Answer 25

A breakdown or disappearance of the rules of social behavior

Question 26

Social process theories

Answer 26

Theories that see criminality as normal behavior. Everyone has the potential to become a criminal, depending on (1) the influences that impel one toward or away from crime and (2) how one is regarded by others.q

Question 27

Learning theories

Answer 27

Theories that see criminal behavior as learned, just as legal behavior as learned.,

Question 28

theory of differential association

Answer 28

The theory that people become criminals because they encounter more influences that view criminal behavior as normal and acceptable than they do influences that are hostile to criminal behavior

Question 29

Controlling theories

Answer 29

Theories holding that criminal behavior occurs when the criminal behavior that bonds that tie an individual to society are broken or weakened

Question 30

Labeling theories

Answer 30

Theories That emphasize that the causes of criminal behavior are found not in the individual but in the social process that labels certain acts as deviant or criminal

Question 31

Critical crimonology

Answer 31

Theories that assume criminal law and the criminal justice system are primarily a means of controlling the lower classes, women, and minorities.

Question 32

Social conflict theories

Answer 32

Theories that view crime as a result of conflict in society, such as conflict between economic classes caused by elites using law as a means to maintain power.

Question 33

Feminist theories

Answer 33

Theories that criticize the existing theories for ignoring, or undervaluing women’s experiences as offenders, victims, and people subjected to decision making by criminal justice officials. These theories seek to incorporate an understanding of differences between the experiences and treatment of men and women while also integrating consideration of other factors, such as race and social class.

Question 34

Life course theories

Answer 34

Theories that identify factors affecting the start, duration, nature, and end of the criminal behavior over the life of an offender.

Question 35

Integrated theories

Answer 35

Theories that combine differing theoretical perspectives into a larger model