Chapter 2 Flashcards
Response Outcome Measures
Chronometry
Performance Errors
Chronometry
Timing/Duration of movements -Reaction time Simple Rt Choice Rt Discrimination Rt
Reaction Time
Time interval between onset of stimulus and initiation of response
Simple RT
One stimulus and one possible response
Choice RT
Multiple stimuli and multiple possible responses
Discrimination RT
Multiple possible stimuli, multiple possible responses, with only a single correct response (Go/No Go)
Fractionated Reaction Time
Using electromyography, RT can be fractionated into pre-motor and motor components
Pre-Motor Time
Fractionated
Reflects time required to develop the plan of action and send it to the musculature involved (cognitive)
Motor Time
Fractionated
Represents the mechanical processes associated with the action (mechanical)
Variables Influencing RT
Number of response choices Complexity of the response Accuracy demands Amount of practice Alcohol and RT
Number of response choices
increase # of response choices = increase RT
Complexity of the response
Number of components
Increased complexity = increased RT
Accuracy demands
Increased accuracy demands = increased RT
Amount of practice
Increased amount of practice = decreased RT (up to a certain point)
Alcohol
Increased alcohol intake = increased RT
Total Response Time
Time from the initiation of the stimulus until the movement (response) is completed
-Foreperiod or warning interval: time from the warning stimulus until response time
Movement Time
Time between the start of the movement and its completion
Effective in demonstrating speed-accuracy trade-offf
Fitts’ Law and Movement Time
Speed-Accuracy Trade-off
The faster you move, the less accurate you are
Performances Errors
AE
CE
VE
E
Absolute Error
Overall amount of error in a performance
Constant Error
level of bias in a performance (considers amount and direction of error)
Variable Error
Measures the inconsistency in performance
Total Error
Provides an overall measure of performance. It is derived combination of CE and VE.
Performance Errors- Continuous Skills
Root-mean-square error (RMSE)
Performance Errors- Two dimensional Skills
Radial Error (RE)
Kinetics
FORCE involved in producing measurements
EMG can be used as a kinetic measure
Kinematics
Time, space, all the combinations
The qualities of motion without regard to force
-Displacement
-Velocity
-Acceleration
Provides insight on coordination and control
Angle-Angle Diagrams
Describes the intalimb coordination between segments
Obtained by plotting angular displacement of two joints
Phase-Plane Portraits
Illustrates how a particular joint is controlled
Obtained by plotting movement of one joint against a movement parameter
Electromyography
(EMG)
describes how various muscles are activated
Neurological Measures
Intracellular Recordings
Lesions and Ablations
Destroy Brain Sections
Brain Scanning Techniques
Intracellular Recordings
Invasive
Used to explore the internal operations of individual brain cells
Lesions and Ablations
Invasive
Invasive methods used to study changes in motor control when a neural structure is removed and/or lesioned
Brain Scanning Technique Definition
Used to detect abnormalities in areas of the CNS and/or study dynamic brain function
Brain Scanning Techniques
Positron Emission Tomography
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Positron Emission Tomography
Uses positron emissions to investigate which areas of the brain are active
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Describes the movement of blood/brain fluid
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
uses magnetic stimulation to identify cortical paths
