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KNES 371 Exam 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Multi- Level Approach

A

Two most important bodies of knowledge for motor behavior are Neurophysiology and Psychology

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2
Q

Motor Behavior (3)

A

Motor control
Motor learning
Motor development

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3
Q

Motor Control

A

Snapshot
What your body is capable of doing right now
When you’re standing how your body is capable to do that exact muscle contraction

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4
Q

Motor Learning

A

Effects of practice

How the control of the movements change with practice

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5
Q

Motor Development

A

Long periods of time

How movement skills change over long periods of time (toddler v. elderly)

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6
Q

Intro to Motor Control

A

In order to understand the nature of motor control, it is necessary to discover what is actually being controlled and how the various processes of governing that control are organized

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7
Q

What is Motor Control?

A

Motor control is the study of postures and movements and the mechanisms which underlie them

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8
Q

Types of Motor Control

A

Open-loop control

Closed-loop control

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9
Q

Open-Loop Control

A

Does not require sensory feedback to be available and/or used to control movements

Want to see how far the golf ball goes after you hit it
Basketball free-throw
Find out the score after you are done (time, placement, etc)

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10
Q

Closed-loop Control

A

Feedback is involved in the planning and execution of movements

As you are producing the movement, you are receiving feedback
How you swing towards the golf ball

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11
Q

Input Process: Open-Loop

A

Input > Movement control center (cortex) > effectors (muscles, joints)

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12
Q

Input Process: Closed-Loop

A

Input > movement control center (cortex) > Movement commands > Effectors (muscles, joints) > movement center (repeat)

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13
Q

Open-loop system of control

A

fast movements
well learned movements
NO feedback used DURING execution

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14
Q

Closed-loop system of control

A

Slow/precise movements

Feedback is used during execution = afferent (sensory) information is used to control movement

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15
Q

Motor control theories

A

Reflex theories
Hierarchical Theories
Dynamical Approaches
Ecological Approaches

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16
Q

Theory

A

A set of ideas used to explain a specific phenomenon

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17
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable statement about observed events

18
Q

Reflex Theories

A

Sherrington

Skinner

19
Q

Reflex Theories: Basic Assumptions

A

The reflex is the fundamental unit of motor control
A stimulus triggers the response (movement)
- There is no involvement of higher cortical centers, only the spinal cord (reflex)
Complex movements occur as a result of a chain of reflexes (reflex chaining models)
The individual is a passive recipient of externally produced sensory input

20
Q

Reflex Theories: Strengths and Weaknesses

A

Strength: simple explanation
Weak: TOO simple to account for a person’s ability to perform a wide variety of goal-directed actions (ex. anticipation)
Unable to explain how movements performed in the absence of sensory information (stimulus from environment)

21
Q

Hierarchical Theories: Basic Assumptions

A

All aspects of movement planning and execution are the sole responsibility of one or more cortical centers
-“top down” view of motor control
Sensory feedback is not essential for the execution of movements
Memory representations (Motor Programs): pre-structured sets of motor commands developed at the highest cortical level and sent to lower spinal centers

22
Q

Support for Hierarchical Models

A

Deafferentation Studies
Limb Block Studies
Response Complexity Studies

23
Q

Deafferentation Studies

A

Hierarchical Model

Show that movements can be performed in absence of feedback

24
Q

Limb Blocking Studies

A

Hierarchical Model

Show that activation pattern for agonist and antagonist muscles are planned in advanced for short duration movements

25
Q

Response Complexity Studies

A

Hierarchical Model

Reaction time increases as complexity of response increases (more time for planning movements)

26
Q

Strength of Hierarchical Models

A
  1. Accounts for the ability to perform movements in the absence of feedback
  2. The GMP allows the performance of a variety of movements by manipulating parameters
  3. New movements are possible
27
Q

Dynamical/Ecological Approach

A

These theories represent a big “break” from the previous theories
Both rely heavily on concepts “borrowed” from physics, mathematics, and/or ecological psychology

28
Q

Dynamical Systems

A

Self-Organization

From chaos into order

29
Q

Dynamical Systems: Self Organization

A

MOVEMENT: Individual > Environment > Task

30
Q

Dynamical Approach: Basic Assumptions

A

Self Organization: patterns emerge as a result of the interaction among the components of a system (individual, task, and environment)
Attractor states: preferred patterns of coordination are adopted to enhance stability

New movement patterns emerge as a result of scalar changes in one or more control parameters (control parameter: variable that can lead to change in behavior)

The parameters that exhibit the nonlinear changes are identified using order parameters (order parameter: variables that are used to quantify the effect of a change in behavior)

31
Q

Ecological Approach: Basic Assumption

A

Focus on the perceptual interface between the individual and the environment

Affordances: lawful properties of the environment that permit certain action
Optical properties specific to an affordance can directly trigger action
Continuous interaction occurring between the processes of perceiving and acting (perception/action coupling)

32
Q

Does one theoretical approach better explain how movements are controlled?

A

Hierarchical (GMP) theories are better in explaining a performer’s actions in rule-based sport settings.

Dynamical and ecological approaches better explain how well-learned skills (walking, standing…) are performed.

33
Q

Four characteristics of Human Actions

A

Flexibility
Uniqueness
Consistency
Modifiability

34
Q

Flexibility

A

the ability to recruit different muscles and joints to achieve the same aciton

35
Q

Uniqueness

A

no two movements are ever performed in exactly the same way

36
Q

Consistency

A

temporal/spatial characteristics of a movement remain relatively stables from one performance to the next.

37
Q

Modifiability

A

the ability to alter a movement pattern, even as it is being executed.

38
Q

The Degrees of Freedom Problem (Bernstein)

A

How do individuals successfully organize a complex system of bones, joints, musculature that moves in a variety of different ways.

Degree-of-Freedom: number of ways in which any given unit of control is capable of moving.
-unit of control may be a joint, a muscle, or even a motor unit

39
Q

Two ways to solve the DOF problem

A

Muscle response synergy

Mechanical properties of the limbs

40
Q

Muscle Response Synergy

A

A group of muscles constrained to act as a single behavioral unit
Some are innate: reaching, grasping, walking
Some are learned: any sport skill

41
Q

Mechanical properties of the limbs

A

Using characters of muscles/joints and gravity can help movement without the need of muscles activation

KNES 371 Exam 1 (2 decks)

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