Chapter 2

Question 1

When we perceive a person, we automatically categorize them along 3 dimensions. Which below are the correct 3?

a. race, status, gender
b. status, gender, age
c. height, gender, race
d. age, race, gender

Answer 1

d. age, race, gender

Question 2

Our automatic categorization of people upon initially perceiving them occurs along 3 dimensions. These 3 dimensions are referred to as:

a. social schemas
b. primitive categories
c. perceptual schemas
d. basic schemas

Answer 2

b. primitive categories

Question 3

The idea that all members of a group to which we do not belong tend to be more similar than they are different is referred to as a(n):

a. prejudice
b. negative belief system
c. outgroup homogeneity effect
d. subtyping effect

Answer 3

c. outgroup homogeneity effect

Question 4

Research shows that the basis for ingroup favoritism is:

a. a perceived dispositional similarity between group members
b. the common fate of one’s group members
c. cohesive group structure
d. conflicts with other groups

Answer 4

b. the common fate of one’s group members

Question 5

Research supports Allport’s statement that “prejudice is not taught by parents, but it is instead ______
by the children.”

a. learned
b. modeled
c. intensified
d. caught

Answer 5

d. caught

Question 6

Children as young as _____ years old show an awareness of racial cues and even show a preference for one race over others.

a. 1-2
b. 5-6
c. 3-4
d. none of the above

Answer 6

c. 3-4

Question 7

Corenblum et al (1996) and by Aboud (2003) asked majority and minority group children to explain successful performances by minority group members. Results indicated that minority group members attributed the success to_______,and majority group members attributed the success to ______ .

a. effort, effort
b. effort, luck
c. luck, luck
d. luck, effort

Answer 7

c. luck, luck

Question 8

An “implicit theory” is:
a. an unconscious attitude toward a stimulus

b. a shared group belief about an outgroup
c. predictions about outgroup behavior
d. beliefs about the nature of personality

Answer 8

d. beliefs about the nature of personality

Question 9

The idea that prejudice will be eliminated when two groups are together in the same location is known as the:

a. contact hypothesis
b. superordinate goal
c. optimal-distinctiveness theory
d. none of the above

Answer 9

a. contact hypothesis

Question 10

According to the realistic conflict theory:

a. we all have a need for positive self-esteem, and that motivates us to favor our ingroups and derogate outgroups
b. when groups perceive they are at a disadvantage compared to an outgroup, they feel prejudice toward the outgroup
c. when groups are competing for scarce resources, prejudice and hostility between the groups will result
d. when a person becomes is thwarted from a particular goal, they feel anger. That anger will eventually transfer to a blame of the outgroup for the perceiver’s plight.

Answer 10

c. when groups are competing for scarce resources, prejudice and hostility between the groups will result

Question 11

According to  theory, we all have a need for self esteem, which fuels motivational and cognitive biases in social perception aimed at feeling good about ourselves.

a. optimal-distinctiveness
b. social identity
c. social dominance
d. self-efficacy

Answer 11

b. social identity

Question 12

Social Identity theory states that:

a. some people prefer hierarchies in society, and believe that there should be those who are privileged, and those who are less-fortunate. Those people who endorse this view are more likely to be prejudiced against outgroups.
b. when two groups are in competition for scarce resources, prejudice will result
c. when a member of a stereotyped group is among a majority group, he/she will be more noticed, and more likely to be the object of prejudice
d. we all have a need for self-esteem, and that fuels motivational and cognitive biases in social perception aimed at feeling good about ourselves.

Answer 12

d. we all have a need for self-esteem, and that fuels motivational and cognitive biases in social perception aimed at feeling good about ourselves.

Question 13

In 1922,____ coined the term “stereotype.”

a. Walter Lippmann
b. Muzafer Sherif
c. Floyd Allport
d. Theodore Newcomb

Answer 13

a. Walter Lippmann

Question 14

Researchers in social cognition have established that people are more concerned with making a(n) ____judgment, and less concerned with making ____ judgments.

a. accurate; quick
b. quick; accurate
c. considered; quick
d. non-prejudiced; fast

Answer 14

b. quick; accurate

Question 15

When we encounter a stereotype-inconsistent member of a stereotyped group, we:

a. scratch our heads in puzzlement
b. pay more attention to that individual, and are more likely to remember his/her characteristics
c. form a subcategory
d. none of the above

Answer 15

c. form a subcategory

Question 16

We engage in subcategorization when

a. we are confronted with a stereotype-inconsistent member of a stereotyped group
b. we are motivated to think carefully about a target’s characteristics
c. it is important for us to be accurate in our social judgments
d. we feel like our ingroup is being threatened by an outgroup

Answer 16

a. we are confronted with a stereotype-inconsistent member of a stereotyped group

Question 17

Often, we tend to see relationships between variables that may only be weakly or not at all related. This is referred to as a(n):

a. stereotype
b. prejudice
c. social heuristic
d. illusory correlation

Answer 17

d. illusory correlation

Question 18

An illusory correlation is:

a. an overestimated discrepancy between the real and perceived self
b. a prejudiced view of the link between an outgroup member’s attributes
c. a perceived relationship between variables that are only weakly or not at all correlated.
d. none of the above

Answer 18

c. a perceived relationship between variables that are only weakly or not at all correlated.

Question 19

According to Optimal Distinctiveness Theory, we have a strong need for both ____and_____
.
a. efficient cognition, accurate social judgments b. accurate social judgments, fast evaluations
c. belongingness, uniqueness
d. belongingness, efficient cognition

Answer 19

d. belongingness, efficient cognition

Question 20

According to ______ , our frustration at being thwarted from a goal is paired with negative emotions that we feel about an outgroup. Thus, people come to blame the outgroup as the people who caused the perceiver’s failure to attain a goal.

a. optimal distinctiveness theory
b. realistic conflict theory
c. scapegoat theory
d. relative deprivation theory

Answer 20

c. scapegoat theory

Question 21

According to Scapegoat theory, prejudice arises when:

a. one pairs their feelings of frustration from being thwarted from a goal with the stereotyped outgroup, thereby leading the perceiver to blame the outgroup as the source of the perceiver’s failure to attain the goal
b. two groups are in competition for a scarce resource
c. one group believes it is at an unfair disadvantage relative to an outgroup for the acquisition of resources and jobs
d. a person believes that the outgroup is blaming him for his own failure to achieve a goal

Answer 21

a. one pairs their feelings of frustration from being thwarted from a goal with the stereotyped outgroup, thereby leading the perceiver to blame the outgroup as the source of the perceiver’s failure to attain the goal

Question 22

According to Realistic Conflict Theory,

a. people have a high need for self-esteem, and this can be satisfied by either one’s own achievements, or belonging to prestigious groups
b. when two groups are in competition for scarce resources, feelings of hostility and prejudice toward the other group will emerge
c. when one perceives that his/her group is not doing as well as an outgroup, he/she will feel prejudice
d. stereotyped groups also form prejudices and stereotypes about the majority groups.

Answer 22

b. when two groups are in competition for scarce resources, feelings of hostility and prejudice toward the other group will emerge

Question 23

In Sherif’s Robber’s Cave experiment, Which theory of prejudice formation (and reduction) did he test?

a. scapegoat theory
b. relative deprivation
c. social dominance
d. realistic conflict

Answer 23

d. realistic conflict

Question 24

What was the one factor in the Robber’s Cave Study that led to a dramatic reduction in prejudice among the boys?

a. physical proximity between the groups
b. subordinate goal
c. a lack of perceived relative deprivation
d. superordinate goal

Answer 24

d. superordinate goal

Question 25

Initially, to try to reduce prejudice among the boys at the Robber’s Cave state park, Sherif had each group sit every-other-boy in the cafeteria. This tested a basic premise of__________.

a. feedback theory
b. reciprocity theory
c. the contact hypothesis
d. subcategorization theory

Answer 25

c. the contact hypothesis