Chapter 1 Flashcards
- A group that we belong to is referred to as a(n):
a. social network
b. outgroup
c. ingroup
d. minimal group
c. ingroup
- When we are talking about an “outgroup”, we are referring to:
a. any group to which we do not belong
b. any group which has only a loose association among its members
c. a stigmatized group
d. any group to which we aspire to belong in the future
a. any group to which we do not belong
Lippmann (1922) referred to these as “pictures in our heads.”
a. our views of ourselves
b. our conceptions of how others perceive us
c. stereotypes
d. none of the above
c. stereotypes
According to Lippmann (1922), a stereotype can be conceptualized as a(n):
a. organized mental construct that biases social perception
b. hierarchical schema
c. prejudice released by ‘nervous energy’ in the presence of outgroups
d. picture in our heads
d. picture in our heads
Your textbook defines a “stereotype” as:
a. a generalization about a group concerning a trait attribution, which is considered to be unjustified by an observer
b. a set of beliefs about the personal attributes of a group of people
c. a cognitive structure that represents knowledge about a concept or stimulus
d. none of the above
b. a set of beliefs about the personal attributes of a group of people
“A set of beliefs about the personal attributes of a group of people” is the way the text defines:
a. prejudice
b. schemas
c. stereotypes
d. social construals
c. stereotypes
Prejudice is defined as:
a. negative behavior toward someone based on their group membership
b. stereotyped attitudes toward someone based on their group membership
c. a biased evaluation of a group, based on real or imagined characteristics of the group members
d. none of the above
c. a biased evaluation of a group, based on real or imagined characteristics of the group members
“A biased evaluation of a group, based on real or imagined characteristics of the group members” is the way the book defines:
a. self-serving attribution
b. biased social construal
c. prejudice
d. stereotype
c. prejudice
An “appraisal” is:
a. an estimate on the value of your home or other valuable possession
b. a set of emotions that are attached to a particular cognition
c. an organized mental structure that contains all the information about a situation, and the way that events in that situation typically unfold
d. a set of cognitions attached to a particular emotion
d. a set of cognitions attached to a particular emotion
According to Stangor and his colleagues (1991), the best predictor of negative outgroup prejudice is not negative feelings, but instead:
a. the presence of negative cognitions about the outgroup b. the presence of stereotypes about the outgroup
c. the lack of positive emotions about the outgroup
d. negative past behavior toward the outgroup
c. the lack of positive emotions about the outgroup
When someone subtypes a member of a stereotyped group, what is he/she doing?
a. creating a special category for that target individual, isolating the target from the stereotyped outgroup, thereby allowing the perceiver to maintain stereotypes about the outgroup and positive feelings toward the target.
b. individuating the target, and thinking about the person according to the target’s unique characteristics
c. generalizing from the target individual’s positive characteristics to the stereotyped outgroup (of which the target is a member), thereby decreasing the perceiver’s negative view of the target.
d. none of the above
a. creating a special category for that target individual, isolating the target from the stereotyped outgroup, thereby allowing the perceiver to maintain stereotypes about the outgroup and positive feelings toward the target.
“A biased evaluation of a group, based on real or imagined characteristics of the group members” is the book’s definition of:
a. a stereotype
b. appraisal
c. schemas
d. prejudice
d. prejudice
Which below was one of the problems with Dollard et al.’s “frustration – aggression hypothesis”?
a. it couldn’t explain aggression within one’s own ingroup
b. subsequent research showed that not all aggression is caused by frustration
c. Dollard and his colleagues didn’t account for the influence of physiological arousal in enhancing feelings of frustration
d. the hypothesis couldn’t explain aggression in cultures beyond the United States.
b. subsequent research showed that not all aggression is caused by frustration
According to Realistic Conflict Theory, prejudice between two groups emerges when:
a. two groups are in competition for scarce resources
b. one group perceives that they are disadvantaged compared to another group
c. one group creates stereotypes about the other group
d. none of the above
a. two groups are in competition for scarce resources
Prejudice is created when two groups are in competition for a scarce resource. This is a definition of:
a. outgroup homogeneity effect
b. social comparison theory
c. realistic conflict theory
d. scapegoat theory
c. realistic conflict theory
According to _______ , people are motivated to maintain consistency between their thoughts (or thoughts and behavior).
a. realistic conflict theory
b. relative deprivation theory
c. social comparison theory
d. cognitive dissonance theory
d. cognitive dissonance theory
Discrimination can be defined as:
a. prejudice and stereotyping directed toward a specific outgroup
b. not treating members of outgroups like one’s ingroup
c. negative behavior directed at someone based on their group membership
d. excluding members of an outgroup from one’s life
c. negative behavior directed at someone based on their group membership
An “attitude” can be defined as:
a. negative behavior toward someone, based on one’s dislike for that person
b. one’s construal of a particular stimulus
c. one’s evaluation of a stimulus, on a good-bad continuum, for example.
d. consensually or widely shared views of a stimulus
c. one’s evaluation of a stimulus, on a good-bad continuum, for example.
One’s evaluation of a stimulus, on a positive-negative dimension, for example, is a good definition of:
a. attitude
b. schema
c. subtype
d. basic category
a. attitude
We automatically perceive people along 3 dimensions when we first encounter them. What is the name for these dimensions?
a. primitive categories
b. innate social markers
c. primitive social markers
d. innate categories
a. primitive categories
“The impetus to initiate a behavior, and keep doing it, to meet one’s goals” is how the book defines:
a. social perception
b. social engagement
c. motivation
d. active interaction
c. motivation
Consensually or widely shared beliefs about a group are referred to as:
a. cultural stereotypes
b. schemas
c. subtypes
d. basic categories
a. cultural stereotypes
When researchers are talking about “motivation,” they are referring to:
a. social engagement between an individual and his/her social environment
b. emotional processes involved in social behavior that influence goal-setting in the perceiver
c. emotional processes in social interactions between two individuals, that influence their behavior toward each other.
d. the impetus to initiate and maintain a behavior to achieve a goal
d. the impetus to initiate and maintain a behavior to achieve a goal
A schema is:
a. a widely or consensually shared belief about an outgroup
b. a negative feeling directed toward an outgroup
c. negative behavior directed toward members of a stereotyped outgroup
d. an organized cognitive structure that contains knowledge about a concept and its attributes
d. an organized cognitive structure that contains knowledge about a concept and its attributes
Adorno and his colleagues found that some people tend to think in categorical terms, are close-minded, and are preoccupied with power relationships. These people have what he referred to as a(n)
a. self-defeating schema
b. prejudiced world view
c. authoritarian personality
d. pessimistic self-schema
c. authoritarian personality
