Chapter 1

Question 1

1. A group that we belong to is referred to as a(n):
   a. social network
   b. outgroup
   c. ingroup
   d. minimal group

Answer 1

c. ingroup

Question 2

2. When we are talking about an “outgroup”, we are referring to:
   a. any group to which we do not belong

b. any group which has only a loose association among its members
c. a stigmatized group
d. any group to which we aspire to belong in the future

Answer 2

a. any group to which we do not belong

Question 3

Lippmann (1922) referred to these as “pictures in our heads.”
a. our views of ourselves

b. our conceptions of how others perceive us
c. stereotypes
d. none of the above

Answer 3

c. stereotypes

Question 4

According to Lippmann (1922), a stereotype can be conceptualized as a(n):
a. organized mental construct that biases social perception

b. hierarchical schema
c. prejudice released by ‘nervous energy’ in the presence of outgroups
d. picture in our heads

Answer 4

d. picture in our heads

Question 5

Your textbook defines a “stereotype” as:

a. a generalization about a group concerning a trait attribution, which is considered to be unjustified by an observer
b. a set of beliefs about the personal attributes of a group of people
c. a cognitive structure that represents knowledge about a concept or stimulus
d. none of the above

Answer 5

b. a set of beliefs about the personal attributes of a group of people

Question 6

“A set of beliefs about the personal attributes of a group of people” is the way the text defines:

a. prejudice
b. schemas
c. stereotypes
d. social construals

Answer 6

c. stereotypes

Question 7

Prejudice is defined as:

a. negative behavior toward someone based on their group membership
b. stereotyped attitudes toward someone based on their group membership
c. a biased evaluation of a group, based on real or imagined characteristics of the group members
d. none of the above

Answer 7

c. a biased evaluation of a group, based on real or imagined characteristics of the group members

Question 8

“A biased evaluation of a group, based on real or imagined characteristics of the group members” is the way the book defines:
a. self-serving attribution

b. biased social construal
c. prejudice
d. stereotype

Answer 8

c. prejudice

Question 9

An “appraisal” is:

a. an estimate on the value of your home or other valuable possession
b. a set of emotions that are attached to a particular cognition
c. an organized mental structure that contains all the information about a situation, and the way that events in that situation typically unfold
d. a set of cognitions attached to a particular emotion

Answer 9

d. a set of cognitions attached to a particular emotion

Question 10

According to Stangor and his colleagues (1991), the best predictor of negative outgroup prejudice is not negative feelings, but instead:

a. the presence of negative cognitions about the outgroup b. the presence of stereotypes about the outgroup
c. the lack of positive emotions about the outgroup
d. negative past behavior toward the outgroup

Answer 10

c. the lack of positive emotions about the outgroup

Question 11

When someone subtypes a member of a stereotyped group, what is he/she doing?

a. creating a special category for that target individual, isolating the target from the stereotyped outgroup, thereby allowing the perceiver to maintain stereotypes about the outgroup and positive feelings toward the target.
b. individuating the target, and thinking about the person according to the target’s unique characteristics
c. generalizing from the target individual’s positive characteristics to the stereotyped outgroup (of which the target is a member), thereby decreasing the perceiver’s negative view of the target.
d. none of the above

Answer 11

a. creating a special category for that target individual, isolating the target from the stereotyped outgroup, thereby allowing the perceiver to maintain stereotypes about the outgroup and positive feelings toward the target.

Question 12

“A biased evaluation of a group, based on real or imagined characteristics of the group members” is the book’s definition of:

a. a stereotype
b. appraisal
c. schemas
d. prejudice

Answer 12

d. prejudice

Question 13

Which below was one of the problems with Dollard et al.’s “frustration – aggression hypothesis”?

a. it couldn’t explain aggression within one’s own ingroup
b. subsequent research showed that not all aggression is caused by frustration
c. Dollard and his colleagues didn’t account for the influence of physiological arousal in enhancing feelings of frustration
d. the hypothesis couldn’t explain aggression in cultures beyond the United States.

Answer 13

b. subsequent research showed that not all aggression is caused by frustration

Question 14

According to Realistic Conflict Theory, prejudice between two groups emerges when:

a. two groups are in competition for scarce resources
b. one group perceives that they are disadvantaged compared to another group
c. one group creates stereotypes about the other group
d. none of the above

Answer 14

a. two groups are in competition for scarce resources

Question 15

Prejudice is created when two groups are in competition for a scarce resource. This is a definition of:

a. outgroup homogeneity effect
b. social comparison theory
c. realistic conflict theory
d. scapegoat theory

Answer 15

c. realistic conflict theory

Question 16

According to _______ , people are motivated to maintain consistency between their thoughts (or thoughts and behavior).

a. realistic conflict theory
b. relative deprivation theory
c. social comparison theory
d. cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 16

d. cognitive dissonance theory

Question 17

Discrimination can be defined as:

a. prejudice and stereotyping directed toward a specific outgroup
b. not treating members of outgroups like one’s ingroup
c. negative behavior directed at someone based on their group membership
d. excluding members of an outgroup from one’s life

Answer 17

c. negative behavior directed at someone based on their group membership

Question 18

An “attitude” can be defined as:

a. negative behavior toward someone, based on one’s dislike for that person
b. one’s construal of a particular stimulus
c. one’s evaluation of a stimulus, on a good-bad continuum, for example.
d. consensually or widely shared views of a stimulus

Answer 18

c. one’s evaluation of a stimulus, on a good-bad continuum, for example.

Question 19

One’s evaluation of a stimulus, on a positive-negative dimension, for example, is a good definition of:

a. attitude
b. schema
c. subtype
d. basic category

Answer 19

a. attitude

Question 20

We automatically perceive people along 3 dimensions when we first encounter them. What is the name for these dimensions?

a. primitive categories
b. innate social markers
c. primitive social markers
d. innate categories

Answer 20

a. primitive categories

Question 21

“The impetus to initiate a behavior, and keep doing it, to meet one’s goals” is how the book defines:
a. social perception

b. social engagement
c. motivation
d. active interaction

Answer 21

c. motivation

Question 22

Consensually or widely shared beliefs about a group are referred to as:
a. cultural stereotypes

b. schemas
c. subtypes
d. basic categories

Answer 22

a. cultural stereotypes

Question 23

When researchers are talking about “motivation,” they are referring to:

a. social engagement between an individual and his/her social environment
b. emotional processes involved in social behavior that influence goal-setting in the perceiver
c. emotional processes in social interactions between two individuals, that influence their behavior toward each other.
d. the impetus to initiate and maintain a behavior to achieve a goal

Answer 23

d. the impetus to initiate and maintain a behavior to achieve a goal

Question 24

A schema is:

a. a widely or consensually shared belief about an outgroup
b. a negative feeling directed toward an outgroup
c. negative behavior directed toward members of a stereotyped outgroup
d. an organized cognitive structure that contains knowledge about a concept and its attributes

Answer 24

d. an organized cognitive structure that contains knowledge about a concept and its attributes

Question 25

Adorno and his colleagues found that some people tend to think in categorical terms, are close-minded, and are preoccupied with power relationships. These people have what he referred to as a(n)

a. self-defeating schema
b. prejudiced world view
c. authoritarian personality
d. pessimistic self-schema

Answer 25

c. authoritarian personality