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Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

MET

A

Metabolic equivalent measurement of energy expenditures at metabolic baseline. 3.5 mL of oxygen/kg body WT/ min

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2
Q

Vo2 and heart rate RESERVE

A

Max-resting

When you train at a certain % of HRR you can assume that you are at the same % of VO2R

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3
Q

Relative Exercise intensity definitions

  1. very Light
  2. Light
  3. Moderate
  4. Vigorous
  5. Very hard
  6. Maximal
A
  1. Less than or equal to 20% of VO2R or HRR
  2. 20-39%
  3. 40-59%
  4. 60-84%
  5. Greater than or equal to 85%
  6. 100%
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4
Q

What is the classification “very light” dependent on

A

functional capacity

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5
Q

what should you examine all exercise candidates for

A

contraindications for exercise
level of exercise risk: low, moderate, high
is there an existence of clinically significant disease
any other special needs or concerns

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6
Q

what are the age recommendations for recommending a maximum exercise test and medical examination

A

men older than 45 and women older than 55

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7
Q

list POSITIVE cardiovascular disease risk factors

A

age, current CVD/PVD, and or family history, smoker or exposure to smoke, sedentary, obese, hypertensive, dyslipdemia, metabolic syndrome

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8
Q

Current CVD/PVD, and or family history

A

MI, CABG, sudden death by 55 of dad, 65 of mom or first degree relative

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9
Q

smoker or exposure to smoke as a CVD risk

A

current, quit within six months, lifestyle with chronic exposure

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10
Q

sedentary

A

less than 30 minutes of moderate intensity exercise 3 days/week for 3 months consecutively

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11
Q

what is considered obesity from a perspective of a body mass index

A

BMI > 30 kg/m2 body HT

waist circumphrence >102 cm in men (40in) and >88 cm in women (35in)

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12
Q

hypertensive

A

systolic blood pressure>140 mmHg
and or
Diastolic blood pressure> 90 mmHg
confirmed on at least two spearate occasions or on an anithypertensive medicine

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13
Q

dyslipdemia

A

LDL>=130mg/dL

HDL 200 mg/dL

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14
Q

metabolic sydrome

A

impaired fasting glucose (>100 mg/dL)

impaired glucose tolerance (glucose remains >=140mg/dL 2 hours aftrer administration

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15
Q

LOW RISK

A

asymptomatic and no more than one of the positive cardiovascular disease risk factors. exercise program may be spursued safely without the necessity for medical examination and clearance

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16
Q

MODERATE RISK

A

still asymptomatic but have two or more fo the CVD risk factors. may safely engage in low-moderate intensity physical activities without hte necessity for medical examination adn lcearance. however, ti is advisable to have a medical examination adn an exercise test before participation in vigorous itensity exercise

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17
Q

HIGH RISK

A

have KNOWN cardiovascular, pulmonary, or metabolic disease, or they have signs suggestive of disease

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18
Q

signs suggestive of disease

A 
chest, neck, jaw, or arm pain
dyspnea at rest or with mild exertion
unual fatiue accompanied with mild exhaustion
syncope
orthopnea (respiratory difficulties in recumbent, supine, or prone positions)
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
ankle edema
palpitations
tachycardia
intermittent claudication
known heart murmur
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19
Q

known cardiovascular disease

A

Coronary artery disease
peripheral artery disease
cerebrovascular artery disease

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20
Q

pulmonary disease

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may be preceded by such conditions as emphysema, chornic asthma, or chronic bronchitis
Asthma
Interstitial lung disease is inflammation resulting in disruption of walls of alveoli
cystic fibrosis is the major cause of lung disease in infants and more common in blacks than whites

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21
Q

Metabolic disorders

A

Diabetes Type 1 (insulin dependent: deficiency in insulin production) type 2 (non insulin dependent: decreased cell sensitivity to insulin) thyroid disorders, and renal or liver disease

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22
Q

What are the positive and negative coronary risk factors for heart disease, and are also used for exercise risk stratification

A

HDL-c is considered a negative risk factor for individuals having HDL-C>60mg/dL. Therefore one positive risk factor is subtracted from the sum of positive risk factors

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23
Q

CABG

A

coronary artery bypass graphting

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24
Q

MI

A

Myocardial infarction

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25
PTCA
percutaneal transluminal coronary angioplasty
26
Angina
pain or discomfort from lack of blood to the heart musclde
27
Three site skinfold measurements for men
chest, triceps, and subscapular or chest, abdomen, and thigh
28
ischemia
lack of blood supply to the heart
29
Left ventricular dysfunction
left ventricle losing its ability to pump blood
30
ejection fraction
measure of blood volume pumped
31
dyspnea
shortness of breath
32
orthopnea
orthopnea is dyspnea occurring at rest in the recumbent position that is relived promptly by sitting upright or standing
33
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
dyspnea beginning usually 2-5 hours after the onset of sleep which may be relived by sitting on the side of the bed or getting out of bed
34
claudication
pain that occurs in a muscle with an inadequate blood supply that is stressed by exercise. limping
35
syncope
fainting
36
stenosis
abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel
37
left main
blockage of the left main coronary artery which branches off of hte aorta (widow maker- ms madeline)
38
cardiomyopathy
weakening of the heart muscle
39
tachycardia
resting heart rate > 100 bpm
40
bradychardia
slow heart rate
41
chylomicrons
formed in the small intestines from digested fat | can be converted to both HDL and VLDL
42
the approximate composition of chylomicron
85% triglyceride 6% phospholipid 5% cholesterol 1% protein
43
VLDL
formed int eh liver and to a less extent from breakdown of chylomicros and are approximtely 10-20% cholesterol
44
HDLS
associated with moving cholesterol from peripheral cells to the liver where its removed as bile (aids in digesting fat)
45
Risk factors that contribute to metabolic syndrome
BMI, elevated triglycerides, high LDL, low HDL, high BP
46
BMI as a risk factor that contributes to metabolic syndrome
BMI >=30 = obesity = adipose tissue may release highly sensitive c reactive proteins called cyotkines which are associated with increased inflammation and increase the risk for blood clot formation
47
Known heart murmur
important to exclude hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and aortic stenosis as underlying causes because they are among ht emore common causes of exertion-related sudden cardiac death
48
Examples of maximal field testing
600 yd run/walk, 1/2 milk, 1 mile, 1.4 mile run/walk, 2 mil run, Coopers 12 minute T table
49
submaximal field testing
YMCA Step Test, Queens college step test, harvard step test, rockport walkign test
50
maximal lab testing (direct measures)
open circuit spirometer metabolic cart
51
maximal lab testing (indirect measures)
metabolic equations, treadmill, leg ergometer, cycle ergometer, stepping
52
submaximal lab testing (singel stage mode)
astrand rhyming cycle test
53
submaximal lab testing (multi-stage mode)
YMCA Cycle test
54
shorter distance runs as tests of cardiorespiratory endurance
600 yard run/walk test | 1/2 mile run
55
Rockport walking test
Estimates Cardiorespiratory fitness. an individual walks 1 mile as fast as possible and HR is obtained in the final minute. Variables needed are age, sex, body weight in kg, mile time in min, and HR
55
cool down will help to minimize
arrythmias | sudden drops in Bp possibly including syncope, myocardial ischemia, and even myocardial infarction
56
purpose for calculating work
assessing changes in functional capacity or cardiorespiratory endurance using a stationary bike
56
three site skinfold measurements for women
triceps, suprailiac, and abdominal or triceps, suprailiac, and thigh
57
four site skin fold measurements
abdomen, suprailiac, triceps, and thigh
58
seven site skinfold measurements
chest, midaxillary, triceps, subscapular, abdomen, suprailiac, and thigh
59
abdominal skinfold site
VF, 2 cm on the right side of the umbilicus
60
triceps skinfold site
VF, arm relaxed by side, on posterior midline halfway between the acromion adn decranon processes
61
men chest skinfold site
DF; 1/2 distance between anterior axillary line and nipple
62
women chest skinfold site
DF; 1/3 distance between anterior axillary line and nipple
63
midaxillary skinfold site
VF OR HF midaxillary lien at level of xiphoid process
64
subscapular
DF; 45 degrees; 1-2 cm below inferior angel of scapula
65
suprailliac
DF; natural fold at anterior axillary line superior to illiac crest
66
thigh
VF on anterior midlin of hte thigh midway between patella ad inguinal crease
67
specific guidelines for skinfold measurements
all measurements are taken on the right side of the body, take three measurements at each site, beginners shoudl mark reference points for ease of relocating on repeat measurements, pull the skinfold away from the muscle, the caliper should be placed 1 cm (approx 1/2 in) away from the caliper tips, the caliper should be perpendicular to the skinfodl throughout hte measurement, once the caliper closes onteh skinfold, remove the thumb from the liver allow the caliper to remain in contact with the skinfold for no more than 2 seconds conduct a complete cycle of measurements at each skinfold site and hten repeat hte procedure two more times examine the median measure, if its no more htan 2 mm off from the other 2 measures, then use it
68
childrens 2 site % fat sites
triceps and calf
69
percent fat for weight liftersr
chronic lifters, disproportionate increases occur in muscle mass relative to the increase in bone mass; thereby, requiring a modified equation for converting body density to percent fat
70
YMCA sit and reach test
warm up with gentle stretching, tape a yardstick to the floor by placing the edge of hte tape at hte 15 inch march, subject's hel is placed at the 15 in at hte tape edge with legs 10-12 inches apart, with hands and fingers overlapped, the subject slowly reaches forward without bouncing as far as possible and holds the position, subjects should keep legs straight, without being held, and exhale during the stretch, the score is the best of three trails
71
shoulder reach test or zipper test
raise your right arm, ben dyour elbow, and reach down across your back as far as possible. at the same time extend yoru left arm down and behind your back, bend yoru elbow up across your back, and try to cross your fingers over three of your right hand as shown in the accompanying illustration. measure the distance to the nearest half inch. if your fingers overlap, score as a plus, if they fail to meet score as a minus, use a zero if your fingertips just touch, repeat with your arms cross in the opposite direction (left arm up) most people will find that they are more flexible on one side than the other
72
Trunk and neck extension test purpose
to determine the range of motion of hte trunk during trunk extension
73
trunk and neck extension test equipment
measureing scale marked in inches or centimeters (a yard stick can be used)
74
trunk and neck extension test procedures
lie face down on the floor, with a partner applying pressure on the back of the thighs, with fingers interlocked behind your neck, gently raise your head and shoulders as far as possible from the floor and hold for 3 seconds scoring: the distance from the floor to hte chin is measure to hte nearest 1/2 inch
75
children skinfold calf site
VF: foot on bench with knee at 90 degrees measure greatest girth
76
children skinfold triceps site
VF; posterior midline of the upper arm halfway between the acromion and the olecranon process with the arm hangign free at the side
77
back saver sit and reach guidelines
remove shoes, place 9 in mark parallel to box face, the foot of the bnet knee is placed approximately 2-3 inches away from the straight leg, palm of one hand pancakes hte other hand and should mirror each other throughout hte test, participant moves forward four time sand on the fourth time, holds the position for 1 sec, while the score is acquired, straight leg should remain straight throughout, while the knee of hte bent leg is allowed to move to the side, each leg is tested and scored to the nearest half inch, m aximum performance is limited to 12 inches to avoid to discourage hypermobility (overstretching), the hips should remain square to the box throughout the test, repeat the effort if hands reach unevenly or the straight leg bends

Knes 450 (4 decks)

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