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Knes 450 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

MET

A

Metabolic equivalent measurement of energy expenditures at metabolic baseline. 3.5 mL of oxygen/kg body WT/ min

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2
Q

Vo2 and heart rate RESERVE

A

Max-resting

When you train at a certain % of HRR you can assume that you are at the same % of VO2R

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3
Q

Relative Exercise intensity definitions

  1. very Light
  2. Light
  3. Moderate
  4. Vigorous
  5. Very hard
  6. Maximal
A
  1. Less than or equal to 20% of VO2R or HRR
  2. 20-39%
  3. 40-59%
  4. 60-84%
  5. Greater than or equal to 85%
  6. 100%
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4
Q

What is the classification “very light” dependent on

A

functional capacity

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5
Q

what should you examine all exercise candidates for

A

contraindications for exercise
level of exercise risk: low, moderate, high
is there an existence of clinically significant disease
any other special needs or concerns

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6
Q

what are the age recommendations for recommending a maximum exercise test and medical examination

A

men older than 45 and women older than 55

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7
Q

list POSITIVE cardiovascular disease risk factors

A

age, current CVD/PVD, and or family history, smoker or exposure to smoke, sedentary, obese, hypertensive, dyslipdemia, metabolic syndrome

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8
Q

Current CVD/PVD, and or family history

A

MI, CABG, sudden death by 55 of dad, 65 of mom or first degree relative

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9
Q

smoker or exposure to smoke as a CVD risk

A

current, quit within six months, lifestyle with chronic exposure

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10
Q

sedentary

A

less than 30 minutes of moderate intensity exercise 3 days/week for 3 months consecutively

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11
Q

what is considered obesity from a perspective of a body mass index

A

BMI > 30 kg/m2 body HT

waist circumphrence >102 cm in men (40in) and >88 cm in women (35in)

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12
Q

hypertensive

A

systolic blood pressure>140 mmHg
and or
Diastolic blood pressure> 90 mmHg
confirmed on at least two spearate occasions or on an anithypertensive medicine

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13
Q

dyslipdemia

A

LDL>=130mg/dL

HDL 200 mg/dL

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14
Q

metabolic sydrome

A

impaired fasting glucose (>100 mg/dL)

impaired glucose tolerance (glucose remains >=140mg/dL 2 hours aftrer administration

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15
Q

LOW RISK

A

asymptomatic and no more than one of the positive cardiovascular disease risk factors. exercise program may be spursued safely without the necessity for medical examination and clearance

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16
Q

MODERATE RISK

A

still asymptomatic but have two or more fo the CVD risk factors. may safely engage in low-moderate intensity physical activities without hte necessity for medical examination adn lcearance. however, ti is advisable to have a medical examination adn an exercise test before participation in vigorous itensity exercise

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17
Q

HIGH RISK

A

have KNOWN cardiovascular, pulmonary, or metabolic disease, or they have signs suggestive of disease

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18
Q

signs suggestive of disease

A 
chest, neck, jaw, or arm pain
dyspnea at rest or with mild exertion
unual fatiue accompanied with mild exhaustion
syncope
orthopnea (respiratory difficulties in recumbent, supine, or prone positions)
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
ankle edema
palpitations
tachycardia
intermittent claudication
known heart murmur
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19
Q

known cardiovascular disease

A

Coronary artery disease
peripheral artery disease
cerebrovascular artery disease

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20
Q

pulmonary disease

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may be preceded by such conditions as emphysema, chornic asthma, or chronic bronchitis
Asthma
Interstitial lung disease is inflammation resulting in disruption of walls of alveoli
cystic fibrosis is the major cause of lung disease in infants and more common in blacks than whites

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21
Q

Metabolic disorders

A

Diabetes Type 1 (insulin dependent: deficiency in insulin production) type 2 (non insulin dependent: decreased cell sensitivity to insulin) thyroid disorders, and renal or liver disease

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22
Q

What are the positive and negative coronary risk factors for heart disease, and are also used for exercise risk stratification

A

HDL-c is considered a negative risk factor for individuals having HDL-C>60mg/dL. Therefore one positive risk factor is subtracted from the sum of positive risk factors

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23
Q

CABG

A

coronary artery bypass graphting

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24
Q

MI

A

Myocardial infarction

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25
Q

PTCA

A

percutaneal transluminal coronary angioplasty

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26
Q

Angina

A

pain or discomfort from lack of blood to the heart musclde

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27
Q

Three site skinfold measurements for men

A

chest, triceps, and subscapular
or
chest, abdomen, and thigh

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28
Q

ischemia

A

lack of blood supply to the heart

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29
Q

Left ventricular dysfunction

A

left ventricle losing its ability to pump blood

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30
Q

ejection fraction

A

measure of blood volume pumped

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31
Q

dyspnea

A

shortness of breath

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32
Q

orthopnea

A

orthopnea is dyspnea occurring at rest in the recumbent position that is relived promptly by sitting upright or standing

33
Q

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

A

dyspnea beginning usually 2-5 hours after the onset of sleep which may be relived by sitting on the side of the bed or getting out of bed

34
Q

claudication

A

pain that occurs in a muscle with an inadequate blood supply that is stressed by exercise. limping

35
Q

syncope

A

fainting

36
Q

stenosis

A

abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel

37
Q

left main

A

blockage of the left main coronary artery which branches off of hte aorta (widow maker- ms madeline)

38
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

weakening of the heart muscle

39
Q

tachycardia

A

resting heart rate > 100 bpm

40
Q

bradychardia

A

slow heart rate

41
Q

chylomicrons

A

formed in the small intestines from digested fat

can be converted to both HDL and VLDL

42
Q

the approximate composition of chylomicron

A

85% triglyceride
6% phospholipid
5% cholesterol
1% protein

43
Q

VLDL

A

formed int eh liver and to a less extent from breakdown of chylomicros and are approximtely 10-20% cholesterol

44
Q

HDLS

A

associated with moving cholesterol from peripheral cells to the liver where its removed as bile (aids in digesting fat)

45
Q

Risk factors that contribute to metabolic syndrome

A

BMI, elevated triglycerides, high LDL, low HDL, high BP

46
Q

BMI as a risk factor that contributes to metabolic syndrome

A

BMI >=30 = obesity = adipose tissue may release highly sensitive c reactive proteins called cyotkines which are associated with increased inflammation and increase the risk for blood clot formation

47
Q

Known heart murmur

A

important to exclude hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and aortic stenosis as underlying causes because they are among ht emore common causes of exertion-related sudden cardiac death

48
Q

Examples of maximal field testing

A

600 yd run/walk, 1/2 milk, 1 mile, 1.4 mile run/walk, 2 mil run, Coopers 12 minute T table

49
Q

submaximal field testing

A

YMCA Step Test, Queens college step test, harvard step test, rockport walkign test

50
Q

maximal lab testing (direct measures)

A

open circuit spirometer metabolic cart

51
Q

maximal lab testing (indirect measures)

A

metabolic equations, treadmill, leg ergometer, cycle ergometer, stepping

52
Q

submaximal lab testing (singel stage mode)

A

astrand rhyming cycle test

53
Q

submaximal lab testing (multi-stage mode)

A

YMCA Cycle test

54
Q

shorter distance runs as tests of cardiorespiratory endurance

A

600 yard run/walk test

1/2 mile run

55
Q

Rockport walking test

A

Estimates Cardiorespiratory fitness. an individual walks 1 mile as fast as possible and HR is obtained in the final minute. Variables needed are age, sex, body weight in kg, mile time in min, and HR

55
Q

cool down will help to minimize

A

arrythmias

sudden drops in Bp possibly including syncope, myocardial ischemia, and even myocardial infarction

56
Q

purpose for calculating work

A

assessing changes in functional capacity or cardiorespiratory endurance using a stationary bike

56
Q

three site skinfold measurements for women

A

triceps, suprailiac, and abdominal
or
triceps, suprailiac, and thigh

57
Q

four site skin fold measurements

A

abdomen, suprailiac, triceps, and thigh

58
Q

seven site skinfold measurements

A

chest, midaxillary, triceps, subscapular, abdomen, suprailiac, and thigh

59
Q

abdominal skinfold site

A

VF, 2 cm on the right side of the umbilicus

60
Q

triceps skinfold site

A

VF, arm relaxed by side, on posterior midline halfway between the acromion adn decranon processes

61
Q

men chest skinfold site

A

DF; 1/2 distance between anterior axillary line and nipple

62
Q

women chest skinfold site

A

DF; 1/3 distance between anterior axillary line and nipple

63
Q

midaxillary skinfold site

A

VF OR HF midaxillary lien at level of xiphoid process

64
Q

subscapular

A

DF; 45 degrees; 1-2 cm below inferior angel of scapula

65
Q

suprailliac

A

DF; natural fold at anterior axillary line superior to illiac crest

66
Q

thigh

A

VF on anterior midlin of hte thigh midway between patella ad inguinal crease

67
Q

specific guidelines for skinfold measurements

A

all measurements are taken on the right side of the body, take three measurements at each site, beginners shoudl mark reference points for ease of relocating on repeat measurements, pull the skinfold away from the muscle, the caliper should be placed 1 cm (approx 1/2 in) away from the caliper tips, the caliper should be perpendicular to the skinfodl throughout hte measurement, once the caliper closes onteh skinfold, remove the thumb from the liver
allow the caliper to remain in contact with the skinfold for no more than 2 seconds
conduct a complete cycle of measurements at each skinfold site and hten repeat hte procedure two more times
examine the median measure, if its no more htan 2 mm off from the other 2 measures, then use it

68
Q

childrens 2 site % fat sites

A

triceps and calf

69
Q

percent fat for weight liftersr

A

chronic lifters, disproportionate increases occur in muscle mass relative to the increase in bone mass; thereby, requiring a modified equation for converting body density to percent fat

70
Q

YMCA sit and reach test

A

warm up with gentle stretching, tape a yardstick to the floor by placing the edge of hte tape at hte 15 inch march, subject’s hel is placed at the 15 in at hte tape edge with legs 10-12 inches apart, with hands and fingers overlapped, the subject slowly reaches forward without bouncing as far as possible and holds the position, subjects should keep legs straight, without being held, and exhale during the stretch, the score is the best of three trails

71
Q

shoulder reach test or zipper test

A

raise your right arm, ben dyour elbow, and reach down across your back as far as possible. at the same time extend yoru left arm down and behind your back, bend yoru elbow up across your back, and try to cross your fingers over three of your right hand as shown in the accompanying illustration. measure the distance to the nearest half inch. if your fingers overlap, score as a plus, if they fail to meet score as a minus, use a zero if your fingertips just touch, repeat with your arms cross in the opposite direction (left arm up) most people will find that they are more flexible on one side than the other

72
Q

Trunk and neck extension test purpose

A

to determine the range of motion of hte trunk during trunk extension

73
Q

trunk and neck extension test equipment

A

measureing scale marked in inches or centimeters (a yard stick can be used)

74
Q

trunk and neck extension test procedures

A

lie face down on the floor, with a partner applying pressure on the back of the thighs, with fingers interlocked behind your neck, gently raise your head and shoulders as far as possible from the floor and hold for 3 seconds
scoring: the distance from the floor to hte chin is measure to hte nearest 1/2 inch

75
Q

children skinfold calf site

A

VF: foot on bench with knee at 90 degrees measure greatest girth

76
Q

children skinfold triceps site

A

VF; posterior midline of the upper arm halfway between the acromion and the olecranon process with the arm hangign free at the side

77
Q

back saver sit and reach guidelines

A

remove shoes, place 9 in mark parallel to box face, the foot of the bnet knee is placed approximately 2-3 inches away from the straight leg, palm of one hand pancakes hte other hand and should mirror each other throughout hte test, participant moves forward four time sand on the fourth time, holds the position for 1 sec, while the score is acquired, straight leg should remain straight throughout, while the knee of hte bent leg is allowed to move to the side, each leg is tested and scored to the nearest half inch, m aximum performance is limited to 12 inches to avoid to discourage hypermobility (overstretching), the hips should remain square to the box throughout the test, repeat the effort if hands reach unevenly or the straight leg bends

Knes 450 (4 decks)

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