Chapter 2

Question 1

maturation

Answer 1

process of biological, social, emotional growth over time

Question 2

development

Answer 2

• changes in performance influenced by maturational processes and growth
• developmental milestones: behaviors acquired through maturation

Question 3

learning

Answer 3

• acquisition of new behaviors through interaction with environment
• skill development: exposure, feedback, practice
• occupational engagement

Question 4

occupational engagement

Answer 4

people doing occupations in a manner that fully involves their effort, drive, and attention

Question 5

Hierarchical model

Answer 5

• motor system and development are building blocks of the nervous system, from lower to higher centers
• when damaged, excessive unregulated function of lower centers seen

Question 6

problem with hierarchical model?

Answer 6

unidirectional:

genes direct brain growth –> directs brain function –> directs behavior

Question 7

neuroplasticity

Answer 7

ability of the human brain to change as a result of one’s experiences; example: current systems theory

Question 8

behavioral genetics

Answer 8

a field of study that examines the role of genetics of behavior

Question 9

epigenetics

Answer 9

science of what causes genes to be expressed in response to environment (“switches”) as opposed to how genotype directs environmental response

Question 10

developmental systems

Answer 10

co-occuring contributions of genes/environments/epigentetic factors on developmental processes

Question 11

systems theory of motor control

Answer 11

• movement at any given point in time is emergent
• depends on the control parameters acting on the system at the time
• constraints vs. control parameters
• degrees of freedom

Question 12

control parameters

Answer 12

could be a function of change in any one of the subsystems within dynamical systems theory

Question 13

degrees of freedom

Answer 13

flexibility in motor program

Question 14

Duvall Stages of Family development

Answer 14

describes a family life cycle that is intended to characterize the development of most families around the world

Question 15

Life course theory

Answer 15

paradigm for study of people’s lives, structural contexts, social change

Question 16

health disparity

Answer 16

type of health difference linked with social/economic/environmental disadvantage

Question 17

health determinant

Answer 17

determining factor (biology, genetics, SES, access to health care)

Question 18

health trajectories

Answer 18

predicted pattern of health of disablement likely given internal/external influences over life course

Question 19

early programming

Answer 19

• early experiences program future health/development; can be positive or negative
• sensitive periods - impact of adverse event/exposure greatest if during sensitive period

Question 20

cumulative effect

Answer 20

from increasing/frequent influences during developmental period; both positive and negative

Question 21

risk factor

Answer 21

characteristics of family/community environments known to predict increased likelihood of negative health outcome

Question 22

protective factor

Answer 22

exerts positive influence or buffer against negative influence of risk

Question 23

LCT Key Concepts

Answer 23

• today’s experiences and exposures influence tomorrow’s health
• health trajectories are particularly affected during critical or sensitive periods
• the broader community environment affects the capacity to be healthy
• genetics influences protective and risk factors for disease, but inequality in health reflects more than genetics and personal health

Question 24

competence promotion

Answer 24

prevention science; education and public health initiatives to increase resilience

Question 25

resilience

Answer 25

desired outcome despite periods of stress and change