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Introduction to Networking > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Early networks didn’t didn’t use interconnecting devices and for that reason often had weak signals. How was this problem solved?

A

A device called a repeater was used that would receive bit signals generated by NICs and other devices, strengthen them, and then “repeat” them to other parts of the network

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2
Q

How many ports are on a traditional repeater

A

two ports which allows distant computers to be connected

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3
Q

What is another name for a multi-port repeater

A

a hub

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4
Q

What does a hub do

A
  • receives bit signals generated from a connected computer on one of its ports
  • cleans the signal by filtering out electrical noise
  • regenerates the signal to full strength
  • transmits the regenerated signal to all other ports a computer (or other network device) is connected to
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5
Q

What is network bandwidth

A

This is the amount of data that can be transferred in an interval

Usually measured in bits per second (bps) and networks operate at speeds from 10 million bps up to 10 gigabits per second (Gbps)

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6
Q

Which interconnecting device only allows one computer to transmit data at a time?

In other words which device shares bandwidth

A

Hubs

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7
Q

what is an uplink port

A

this is a port used to connect two hubs together or to connect a hub to a switch

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8
Q

What does a switch do that a hub does not

A

A switch reads data in the messages it receives and determines which port the destination device is on. It will then send the frame to the correct destination without sending copies to all destinations like a hub would do

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9
Q

What is a switching table

A

This is essentially a small database a switch keeps so that it knows which MAC address is at the end of each of it’s ports. When something is sent via switch it will check the senders mac address and update the switching table if needed.

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10
Q

What are the five steps of a switch operation

A
  1. The switch receives a frame.
  2. The switch reads the source and destination MAC addresses.
  3. The switch looks up the destination MAC address in its switching table.
  4. The switch forwards the frame to the port where the computer owning the MAC address is found.
  5. The switching table is updated with the source MAC address and port information.
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11
Q

do switches have the same bandwidth setup as hubs

A

No, switches get dedicated bandwidth

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12
Q

What are full-duplex mode and half-duplex mode

A
  • Full-duplex mode means that data can be sent and received simultaneously. This is how switches operate
  • Half-duplex mode means that data can be sent or received but not both at the same time. This is how hubs operate
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13
Q

Some switches have uplinking ports that do what

A

these are dedicated ports for uplinking to another switch which will allow your LAN to continue to grow past the original switches port limitation

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14
Q

What is an Access Point (AP)

A
  • This is the heart of wireless networks.
  • It acts like a hub without wires
  • All communication passes through the AP
  • Most small business and home networks use a device typically called a wireless router that combines the functions of an AP, a switch, and a router
  • Wireless Lans are usually attached to wired networks
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15
Q

What are the parts of a wireless router

A

An access point (wireless networks), a switch (LAN network), and a router (internetworking device)

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16
Q

What is the extra step required for an Access Point

A

The receiving device must send an acknowledgement back to the sending device to indicate successful reception

This is called a request to send (RTS) / clear to send (CTS) handshake

17
Q

How does bandwidth for an AP compare to physical networks

A

the effective bandwidth is about half physical networks

The extra chatter required to send data in a wireless network slows down communication

Most APs operate from 11Mbps to several hundred Mbps

18
Q

What are the possible network mediums

A

copper wire, fiber-optic cable, airwaves

19
Q

What does a NIC do in relation to incoming messages

A
  • Receives bit signals and assembles them into frames
  • verifies the destination (MAC) address
  • removes frame header and trailer
  • sends the resulting packet to the network protocol
  • verifies CRC (error code)
20
Q

what does a NIC do in relation to outgoing messages

A

Receives packets from the network protocol and creates frames for them by adding MAC addresses and an error checking code

converts frames into bit signals suitable for the medium and transmits them

21
Q

a MAC address is stored where on the NIC

A

Read-only memory (ROM) this can’t be changeable as that would cause network issues

22
Q

What is a MAC address composed of

A

two 24-bit hexadecimal numbers

24 bit manufacturer ID called OUI

24 bit serial number assigned by the manufacturer

48 bit address expressed in 12 hexadecimal digits:

04-40-31-5B-1A-C4

23
Q

When the NIC gets a frame it checks the destination MAC address. What are the conditions under which the NIC permits the inbound frame

A
  1. If the MAC in the frame matches the NICs built in MAC address
  2. if the frame is using a broadcast address (ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff)
  3. the NIC is in promiscuous mode (the NIC allows everything through)
24
Q

what is a unicast frame

A

This is when the destination MAC address matches the BIA (built in address?) of a NIC

this is intended for a single computer

25
Q

What is a broadcast frame

A

When the destination MAC address is a broadcast address. These are intended to be processed by all computers on the network

26
Q

what is Promiscuous mode

A

This turns off the NICs’ gatekeeper functions and enables the NIC to process all frames it sees whether or not they were intended for that particular NIC.

this is used by software called a protocl analyzer or packet sniffer

27
Q

NICs usually have indicator lights to show what?

What shows that a NIC has a valid connection to the network medium

A

link status indicator and an activity indicator

a green link status indicator

28
Q

What should you consider when selecting a NIC

A

the correct bus interface to the motherboard

the NIC driver (software) must be available for your OS

if the NIC is for a server you would likely need a NIC with onboard memory, and multiple ports

29
Q

What is usually the case for using a new NIC

A

most OSs ship with drivers for a wide range of NICs

most NICs include driver for the most common OSs

this generally means plug and play

30
Q

Wireless NICs must be chosen according to what

A

The type of wireless AP being used

typically these are 802.11ac or 802.11 a/b/g/n

the letter a,b,g,n and ac reer to the wireless networking standards the device supports

31
Q

what is a service set identifier (SSID)

A

this is the name assigned to the wireless network which is how wireless NICs connect to a network

32
Q

What do routers connect, what do they form

A

Routers connect mutliple LANs by forwarding packets from one LAN to another

together all of the interconnected routers form the internet

33
Q

What are the differences between routers and switches? (5 listed)

A
  • Routers connect LANs, switches connect computers
  • Routers work with logical (IP) addresses, switches work with physical (MAC) addresses
  • Routers work with packets, switches with frames
  • Routers don’t forward broadcasts, switches do
  • Routers use routing tables, switches use switching tables
34
Q

what does broadcast traffic do that causes issues for large LANs

A

broadcast traffic is sent to all computers on a LAN which means that if there are a lot of computer on the LAN the network can become congested

35
Q

what is a broadcast domain

A

This is the scope of devices to which broadcasts frames are forwarded

broadcasts aren’t carried over routers so each router interface in a network creates an additional seperated broadcast domain

36
Q

What are routing tables

A

these are tables that routers maintain that are composed of IP network addresses and interface pairs to determine where to forward packets on an internetwork

37
Q

what is the default route

A

Where to send a packet when the router doesn’t have an entry in its routing table

38
Q

what does network unreachable mean

A

this is the message that gets sent when the network can’t be found and there’s no default route

39
Q

What is the default gateway

A

In a computer’s IP address configuration the IP address on the computer’s router

Introduction to Networking (6 decks)

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