Chapter 2 Flashcards
Define self-concept.
The complete set of beliefs people have about themselves
What is a self-schema?
A person’s overall self concept
What is the multiple role theory?
Theory asserting that it is beneficial for a person’s health and wellbeing to have multiple self-identities
Define priming.
Exposure to stimuli that activates a mental representation of a particular concept, value, goal or object (exposure to one stimulus influences the response to another stimulus)
Define self-concept clarity.
The extent to which self-schemas are clearly and confidently defined, consistent with eachother, and stable across time
What is reverse scoring?
A technique used in questionnaires to ensure that participants think about their responses - likert scale of 1-10 or 10-1
What is a boundary condition?
A third variable under which an otherwise observed effect is no longer observed
Define the self-discrepancy theory.
People’s discrepancies between their actual self and their perceived and ought selves
What is the ought self?
How a person thinks they should be
Define self regulation.
The attempt to match behaviour with an ideal or ought standard of the self
What is the regulatory focus theory?
A persuasion theory which focuses on a person’s perceptions on decision making. The theory basically revolves around the enthusiasm of a person and how the person reaches his goal. Two distinct systems - promotion - focuses on increasing the accomplishments without considering the losses. Prevention - focuses on decreasing the losses than accomplishing
Define meta-analysis.
Results of many studies are combined and analyzed together
What is the control theory of self-regulation?
Is a system of conscious personal management that involves the process of guiding one’s own thoughts, behaviors, and feelings to reach goals
Define ego depletion.
The notion that self-control and willpower are a finite resource that can be used up. When the energy for mental activity is low, self-control is typically impaired, which would be considered a state of ego depletion
What is the strength model of self-control?
Theory arguing that self control cannot be maintained for an unlimited period of time and needs to be replenished
Define upward self comparison.
The act of comparing oneself with someone who is perceived to be better on the relevant dimension
Define downward self comparison.
The act of comparing oneself with someone who is perceived to be lesser on the relevant dimension
Define temporal comparison.
The act of comparing oneself with the way one was in the past, or with an anticipated future self
What is the self-evaluating maintenance model?
Theory explaining how people are able to maintain their self-esteem in situations where they engage in upward social comparisons
What is the sociometer theory?
Theory of self-esteem arguing that people are motivated to maintain high levels of self-esteem and do this by ensuring they are socially included
What is mortality salience?
The awareness of one’s inevitable death
Define implicit self-esteem?
Unconscious spontaneous or automatic evaluation of the self
Define spurious correlation.
When two variables have no direct connection but it is wrongly inferred they do, due to coincidence or the presence of a third (unseen) variable
What is impression management?
People manage the self they present to others, so that they appear to others in the best possible light
What is self-monitoring?
People control how they present themselves, depending on the person and situation
Define the affective forecasting error.
Tendency to overestimate the emotional impact that positive and negative events will have on them
What is the self-serving attribution bias?
People make internal attributions for positive aspects of the self but external attributions for negative aspects of the self
Define bicultural individuals.
Individuals who are able to deal with the presence of two cultural identities at the same time
