Chapter 2 Flashcards
List the four major theoretical perspectives that will be discusses in this chapter
Psychodynamic, Behavioral, Humanistic, Biological Perspectives
List and explain the so-called “Big 5” (hint: OCEAN) personality factors
Describe people who score high in each
A high score in the following means
Openness: Curiosity, flexibililty, vivid fantasy, imaginativeness
Conscientiousness: Diligent, disciplined, well organized.
Extraversion: Outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly
Agreeableness: Sympathetic, trusting, cooperative.
Neuroticism: Anxious, hostile, self-concious, insecure
Psychodynamic Perspective (Also called Psychoanalytic Perspective)
Include all diverse theories from Sigmund Freud, they focus on unconscious mental forces.
Explain Freud’s theory on the structure of personality
Id
Ego
Superego
Id:Primitive, instinctive component of personality that operate according to the pleasure principle. e.g. eat, sleep.
Ego: The decision-making component of personality that operate according to the REALITY principle. This regulates the Id
Superego: The moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong.
What is the Unconscious?
Thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on one’s behavior.
What are Defense Mechanisms? (They can, at times, be consciously used)
Largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from painful emotiosn such as anxiety and guilt.
Rationalization + Example
Creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior. Trying to rationalize your cheating by saying “everyone does it”
Repression + Example
Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious. Forgetting the name of someone you don’t like.
Projection + Example
Attributing one’s own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another. If you lust for a coworker you attribute latent sexual tension between the two of you to the other person’s desire to seduce you.
Displacement + Example
Diverting emotional feelings from their original source to a substitute target. Your boss yells at you so therefore you tell at other people.
Reaction Formation + Example
Behaving in a way that is exactly the opposite of one’s true feelings. An unconsciously gay man discriminating gays.
Regression + Example
A reversion to immature patterns of behavior. Boasting and bragging when anxious about self worth.
Identification + Example
Bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group. Adults joining exclusive country clubs or organizations which they identify with.
Upon what premise are Behavioral Perspectives based on
The premise that scientific psychology should study observable behavior.
What does the Humanistic Perspective emphasize?
Humanistic Theorist believe a person’s subjective view is more important than objective reality. Give an example of how this works.
It emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their free will and their potential for personal growth.
If you think you are homely, or bright, or sociable, that belief will influence your behavior more than the actual realities of how homely, bright, or sociable you are.
Self-Concept
A collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior.
Incongruence
The disparity between one’s self-concept and one’s actual experience.
What is the difference between Conditional Love and Unconditional Love?
How does this affect a child?
Conditional Love: Child is only loved/praised when they live up to their expectations.
Unconditional Love: Child is always loved no matter what.
Conditional love creates incongruence which then carries on later into their life.
What causes anxiety?
Experiences that threaten people’s personal views of themselves.
Give the example of the woman who is selfish, what might she do?
A young lady who is selfish but unable to face that reality might attribute friend’s comments about her selfishness to their jealous of her good looks.
List and explain (In order) the 7 needs Maslow says we all have. PSBECAS
Define Self-Actualization
Physiological Needs (Start) Safety and Security Needs Belongingness and Love needs Esteem Needs Cognitive Needs Aesthetic Needs Self-Actualization (End)
Self-Actualization: The need to fulfill one’s potential.
How did Maslow do his research?
Maslow identified various traits characteristics of self-actualizing people.
List 5 of Maslow’s 13 characteristics of Self-Actualizing People
Clear, efficient perception of reality and comfortable relations with it.
Spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness
Problem centering (Having a mission)
Detachment and need for privacy
Autonomy, Independence of culture and environment.
Continued Freshness of Appreciation
Mystical and peak experiences
Feelings of kinship and identification with the human race
Strong friendships, but limited in number
Democratic character structure
Ethical discrimination between means and ends, between good and evil
Philosophical, unhostile sense of humor
Balance between polarities in personality
Biological Perspective states that personality is a mater of ____
Genetic Inheretance
