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Psychology Test 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

List the four major theoretical perspectives that will be discusses in this chapter

A

Psychodynamic, Behavioral, Humanistic, Biological Perspectives

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2
Q

List and explain the so-called “Big 5” (hint: OCEAN) personality factors

Describe people who score high in each

A

A high score in the following means

Openness: Curiosity, flexibililty, vivid fantasy, imaginativeness
Conscientiousness: Diligent, disciplined, well organized.
Extraversion: Outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly
Agreeableness: Sympathetic, trusting, cooperative.
Neuroticism: Anxious, hostile, self-concious, insecure

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3
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective (Also called Psychoanalytic Perspective)

A

Include all diverse theories from Sigmund Freud, they focus on unconscious mental forces.

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4
Q

Explain Freud’s theory on the structure of personality

Id
Ego
Superego

A

Id:Primitive, instinctive component of personality that operate according to the pleasure principle. e.g. eat, sleep.

Ego: The decision-making component of personality that operate according to the REALITY principle. This regulates the Id

Superego: The moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong.

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5
Q

What is the Unconscious?

A

Thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on one’s behavior.

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6
Q

What are Defense Mechanisms? (They can, at times, be consciously used)

A

Largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from painful emotiosn such as anxiety and guilt.

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7
Q

Rationalization + Example

A

Creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior. Trying to rationalize your cheating by saying “everyone does it”

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8
Q

Repression + Example

A

Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious. Forgetting the name of someone you don’t like.

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9
Q

Projection + Example

A

Attributing one’s own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another. If you lust for a coworker you attribute latent sexual tension between the two of you to the other person’s desire to seduce you.

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10
Q

Displacement + Example

A

Diverting emotional feelings from their original source to a substitute target. Your boss yells at you so therefore you tell at other people.

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11
Q

Reaction Formation + Example

A

Behaving in a way that is exactly the opposite of one’s true feelings. An unconsciously gay man discriminating gays.

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12
Q

Regression + Example

A

A reversion to immature patterns of behavior. Boasting and bragging when anxious about self worth.

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13
Q

Identification + Example

A

Bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group. Adults joining exclusive country clubs or organizations which they identify with.

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14
Q

Upon what premise are Behavioral Perspectives based on

A

The premise that scientific psychology should study observable behavior.

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15
Q

What does the Humanistic Perspective emphasize?

Humanistic Theorist believe a person’s subjective view is more important than objective reality. Give an example of how this works.

A

It emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their free will and their potential for personal growth.

If you think you are homely, or bright, or sociable, that belief will influence your behavior more than the actual realities of how homely, bright, or sociable you are.

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16
Q

Self-Concept

A

A collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior.

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17
Q

Incongruence

A

The disparity between one’s self-concept and one’s actual experience.

18
Q

What is the difference between Conditional Love and Unconditional Love?

How does this affect a child?

A

Conditional Love: Child is only loved/praised when they live up to their expectations.

Unconditional Love: Child is always loved no matter what.

Conditional love creates incongruence which then carries on later into their life.

19
Q

What causes anxiety?

A

Experiences that threaten people’s personal views of themselves.

20
Q

Give the example of the woman who is selfish, what might she do?

A

A young lady who is selfish but unable to face that reality might attribute friend’s comments about her selfishness to their jealous of her good looks.

21
Q

List and explain (In order) the 7 needs Maslow says we all have. PSBECAS

Define Self-Actualization

A 
Physiological Needs (Start)
Safety and Security Needs
Belongingness and Love needs
Esteem Needs
Cognitive Needs
Aesthetic Needs
Self-Actualization (End)

Self-Actualization: The need to fulfill one’s potential.

22
Q

How did Maslow do his research?

A

Maslow identified various traits characteristics of self-actualizing people.

23
Q

List 5 of Maslow’s 13 characteristics of Self-Actualizing People

A

Clear, efficient perception of reality and comfortable relations with it.

Spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness

Problem centering (Having a mission)

Detachment and need for privacy

Autonomy, Independence of culture and environment.

Continued Freshness of Appreciation

Mystical and peak experiences

Feelings of kinship and identification with the human race

Strong friendships, but limited in number

Democratic character structure

Ethical discrimination between means and ends, between good and evil

Philosophical, unhostile sense of humor

Balance between polarities in personality

24
Q

Biological Perspective states that personality is a mater of ____

A

Genetic Inheretance

25
Q

The Minnesota Twin Study estimated that the heritability of the Big 5 personality traits is around _%

A

50%

26
Q

The basic premise of Evolutionary Psychology is that natural selection favors what type of behaviors?

A

Behaviors that enhance organisms reproductive success.

27
Q

How are the Big 5 personality traits important across many cultures?

A

Those traits have had significant adaptive implications.

28
Q

What are two weaknesses in the Biological approach to personality?

A

Problems with estimates of hereditary influence

Hindsight bias in evolutionary theory

29
Q

Describe people who are high in sensation-seeking

A

Prefer high level of stimulation and are always looking for new and exhilarating experiences.

30
Q

What are the characteristics of a person with Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

A

A grandiose sense of importance

Preoccupation with fantasies of unlimited power and success

A constant need for attention

Difficulty dealing with criticism

A sense of entitlement

Interpersonal explotiveness

31
Q

What are Narcissists like when you first meet them? Then what? Has it been on the rise?

A

They are perceived as charming, self-assured, and even charismatic. After knowing them for a while they tend to be viewed as arrogant, self-centered, and unlikable.

It is on the rise.

32
Q

Terror Management Theory

Why do humans have a need for self-esteem?

A

Self-esteem services a terror management function. It essentially functions as an anxiety buffer.

33
Q

Terror Management Theory

How do humans deal with terror caused by the collision between self-preservation and death awareness?

A

What saves us is culture. Culture provides ways to view world views that ‘solve’ the existential crises engendered by the awareness of death

34
Q

Terror Management Theory
Increasing a persons sense of morality (death awareness) often results in people working harder to defend their cultural world view. Give at least two examples of this.

A

Handing out harsher penalties to moral transgressors

Respond more negative to people who criticize their country

Show more respect for cultural icons, such as a flag.

35
Q

Emotional Insulation

A

Keeping your emotions inside

36
Q

Denial

A

Event occurs, and consciously say it didn’t happen.

37
Q

Isolation

A

Occurs when you have 2 incompatible ideas or behaviors and you refuse to make the connection.

38
Q

Undoing

A

Have a wrong doing, try to undo it.

39
Q

Sublimation

A

Channel socially unacceptable behavior into acceptable behavior. e.g: Boxer

40
Q

Substitution

A

You lose something and replace it with something of a lesser quality then attempt to convince yourself its the same thing (or better)

41
Q

Fantasy

A

Telling tales, exaggerating, boosting ego. Continue to lie even if caught.

Psychology Test 1 (3 decks)

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