Chapter 2 Flashcards
Define exercise physiology:
Exercise Physiology—the study of the cellular functions in the human body before, during and after exercise.
What is the most basic unit of life?
The Cell
Name the three energy systems:
1) ATP–Creatine–Phosphate system 2) Glycolysis 3) Aerobic Oxidation
Which energy systems are anaerobic? aerobic?
Anaerobic: -ATP–Creatine–Phosphate system -Glycolysis Aerobic: -Aerobic Oxidation
(True or False) The term anaerobic means oxygen is not required to function.
True
Give three examples of activities that primarily require use of the ATP–CP system:
Weight lifting sprinting tennis
What is Glycolysis? How long does it last?
Glycolysis is the breakdown of carbohydrate to pyruvate or lactic acid to produce ATP. It lasts from ten seconds to three minutes.
What is lactate threshold?
Lactate threshold—the accumulation or rise in lactate.
What is glucose? Where is it stored? What is it stored as?
Blood sugar and is the main source of anaerobic ATP production. Glucose is stored in the muscles and liver. Glucose is stored as glycogen.
What is Aerobic Oxidation?
The aerobic pathway to produce ATP.
What part of the musculoskeletal system allows the human body to move?
Skeletal muscle.
What are the three types of connective tissue that encompass muscle?
Endomysium, Perimysium, Epimysium.
What is a myofibril? What are the two myofilaments that compose a myofibril?
Myofibril—the smallest unit of a muscle cell. Actin (thin) and myosin (thick) filaments.
What are the two types of muscle fibers? Explain the difference between the two:
Speed of contraction and force output.
What muscle fiber type is predominantly involved in activities such as sprinting, power lifting and the high jump?
Type 2b.
Define the All or None principle:
All or None principle—when a myofiber is innervated by a nerve cell, the myofibrils contract totally or not at all.
What are the three types of contraction? List them in the order of strength from strongest to weakest:
Eccentric, Isometric, Concentric.
Define concentric strength:
Concentric strength—the amount of musculoskeletal force to overcome a resistance by a shortening of the muscle fibers.
Define eccentric strength:
Eccentric strength—the amount of musculoskeletal force displayed when a muscle is lengthened under tension.
What is the function of blood?
Blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the body. Blood also retrieves waste products from the cells and carries them to be expelled or metabolized.
Define periodicity (periodization):
Periodicity is the gradual cycling of specificity, intensity or volume of training to achieve a specific goal.
What is the overload principle?
Overload principle—the attempt to challenge the musculoskeletal system with unaccustomed stimulation such as, but not limited to, increased weight, speed, or volume of training (number of sets or reps).
What are the five major factors that effect training?
Level of fitness, intensity, duration, frequency, genetics.
Explain the difference between using free weights and selectorized equipment:
Free weights can be used in several exercises, but not all; selectorized uses only select muscle groups. Free weights are functional, real life easy to transport; selectorized doesn’t require a spotter, safer and easier to change resistance. Free weights require more technique; machines do not fit everyone and can limit ROM. Free weights usually require more stabilization than machines.
What is ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate.
What would afferent information be?
Afferent information is nerve impulses from receptors or sense organs toward the central nervous system.
What is a motor unit?
Is a single a-motor neuron and all of the corresponding muscle fibers it innervates.
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, cardiac and visceral.
What are the prime movers or agonists in a biceps curl?
Biceps Brachii, brachioradialis and brachialis.
What would the training heart rate of 70% be for a 32 year-old female with a resting heart rate of 72?
220 - Age x % = THR = 131.6
220 - Age - RHR x % + RHR = THR = 153.2
220 - Age x % x 1.15 = THR = 151.34
Give a few examples of signs of overtraining.
Elevated resting heart rate, difficulty sleeping, fatigue, excessive weight-loss, excessive soreness.
What time of the day are the highest levels of blood secretion levels of growth hormone released?
At Night
