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General Pathology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three functions of inflammation?

A
  1. killing of microbes 2. removal of cellular debris 3. initiates repair
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2
Q

true or false. our bodies can heal without inflammation.

A

false

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3
Q

what drug will prevent inflammation and sensing pain?

A

corticosteroids

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4
Q

how long do lymphocytes last in blood and lymph?

A

about 4 days (short time)

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5
Q

where are leukocytes made?

A

bone marroe

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6
Q

what are the 5 types of WBCs?

A
  1. lymphocytes 2. monocytes 3. neutrophils 4. eosinophils 5. basophils
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7
Q

what are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

A

B cells, T cells, Natural Killer (NK) cells

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8
Q

what type of lymphocyte make plasma cells and which make antibodies?

A

B cells

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9
Q

what leukocyte will eventually become a macrophage?

A

monocyte

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10
Q

what type of WBC contains histamine?

A

neutrophil

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11
Q

what are the three types of granulocytes?

A
  1. neutrophils 2. eosinophils 3. basophils
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12
Q

what are the two types of agranulocytes?

A
  1. lymphocytes 2. monocytes
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13
Q

where are plasma proteins made?

A

liver

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14
Q

how does inflammation eliminate infection and damaged tissue?

A

it attracts WBCs and circulates them to the target tissue

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15
Q

what are the 3 types of secondary tissue damage?

A
  1. violent microbes (tuberculosis, HIV) 2. chronic inflammation 3. hypersensitivity rxn (anaphylactic shock, autoimmune rxns)
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16
Q

injury or infection is detected via what three cells?

A

macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells

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17
Q

how do macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells induce inflammation?

A

secretes cytokines

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18
Q

what are the 5 cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

A

redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function

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19
Q

what are the 5 R’s of inflammation?

A
  1. recognize 2. recruit 3. remove 4. regulate 5. resolution
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20
Q

true or false. inflammation is typically long and self-limited.

A

false. short-lived and self limited

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21
Q

during inflammation, are pro-inflammatory mediators inactivated or activated?

A

inactivated

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22
Q

during inflammation, are anti-inflammatory mediators inactivated or activated?

A

activated

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23
Q

what are two types of inflammation?

A

acute and chronic

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24
Q

describe acute inflammation.

A

sudden onset, obvi local signs, neutrophils, no time for scar tissue

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25
Q

describe chronic inflammation.

A

gradual onset, few local signs, macrophages and lymphocytes

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26
Q

what are the 2 major components of acute inflammation?

A
  1. vascular changes 2. WBC recruitment
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27
Q

what are some examples of acute inflammation stimuli?

A

infection, trauma, ischemia, necrosis, foreign bodies, hypersensitivity reactions

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28
Q

what two cells are associated with acute inflammation and what is their function?

A

neutrophils and plasma proteins destroy microbes and cellular debris

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29
Q

what are the two pattern recognition receptors in acute inflammation?

A
  1. toll-like receptors 2. inflammasome
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30
Q

true or false. toll-like receptors are found on the inside on the lipid bilayer (plasma membrane).

A

false. outside

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31
Q

what is the location of inflammasome?

A

cytosol

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32
Q

what is the function of toll-like receptors? inflammasome?

A

recognize all types of infectious pathogens; recognize dead cell products (crystals ATP)

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33
Q

what are two functions of pattern recognition receptors?

A
  1. recognize harmful agents 2. identify molecular patters as “non-self”
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34
Q

what are the three types of vascular changes that alter caliber and permeability?

A
  1. vasoconstriction 2. vasodilation 3. increased vessel permeability
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35
Q

true or false. vasoconstriction last at least a minute during vascular changes.

A

false. a few seconds

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36
Q

what does vasodilation do during vascular changes?

A

increase blood flow (prolonged) = redness and warmth

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37
Q

what is the purpose of increasing vessel permeability during vascular changes?

A

fluid to target tissues; increase viscosity –>stasis–>WBCs collect along vascular wall–> diapedesis

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38
Q

what is the term associated with WBCs collecting along the vascular wall?

A

margination

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39
Q

what is another term for migration/WBC squeezing through wall?

A

diapedesis

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40
Q

what are the 3 mechanisms of vascular changes that increase the permeability and reverses osmotic gradients?

A
  1. endothelial contraction 2. endothelial necrosis 3. angiogenesis
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41
Q

what is the most common vascular change that increases permeability and reverses osmotic gradients?

A

endothelial contraction

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42
Q

what happens during endothelial contraction?

A

histamine binds which leads to gaps in postcapillary venules (short lived)

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43
Q

true or false. endothelial necrosis is not leaky.

A

false. leaky until repaired

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44
Q

what are some types of endothelial necrosis?

A

burns, severe infections, irradiation

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45
Q

true or false. angiogenesis is the formation of new vessels with leaky endothelial cells.

A

true

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46
Q

true or false. WBC leave circulation through arteriole side and fluid leaves through venous side.

A

true

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47
Q

what are the two types of edema in acute inflammation?

A

exudate and transudate

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48
Q

when does edema develop?

A

when lymphatic drainage cannot keep up

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49
Q

what are the 3 types of lymphatic responses?

A
  1. lymphadenopathy 2. lymphadenitis 3. lymphangitis
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50
Q

define lymphadenopathy.

A

general disorder of lymph nodes

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51
Q

define lymphadenitis.

A

inflamed notes, increased size and pain, can lead to shock

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52
Q

define lymphangitis.

A

inflamed lymphatic channel

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53
Q

what are the 4 steps in leukocyte recruitment?

A
  1. margination 2. firm adhesion 3. diapedesis 4. chemotaxis
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54
Q

margination is mediation by _______.

A

selectins

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55
Q

firm adhesion is mediated by ______.

A

integrins

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56
Q

migration via pseudopodia during leukocyte activation is stimulated by what?

A

bacterial, cytokines, complement

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57
Q

what leukocyte predominates acute inflammation?

A

neutrophils

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58
Q

neutrophils are killed within 48 hours via apoptosis and are replaced by what two cells?

A

macrophages and lymphocytes

59
Q

what are the stimuli for leukocyte activation?

A

microbes, necrotic tissue, foreign bodies

60
Q

define opsonization.

A

sticking an antibody on surface in order to hunt down and destroy

61
Q

what are the two mechanisms for phagocytosis?

A
  1. opsonization 2. engulfment and degradation
62
Q

what are the two opsonins for opsonization?

A

antibodies (IgG) and complement proteins

63
Q

what is the function of opsonins?

A

enhance macrophage binding and breakdown

64
Q

what are the 3 inadvertent damages to normal cells (secondary tissue injury)?

A
  1. persistent infections 2. ischemia reperfusion injuries 3. hypersensitivity reactions
65
Q

what are examples of persistent infections during leukocyte-induced tissue injury?

A

tuberculosis and viral infections (HIV)

66
Q

what are the three outcomes of acute inflammation?

A
  1. resolution 2. chronic inflammation 3. scarring
67
Q

true or false. chronic inflammation does not lead to scarring.

A

false

68
Q

of the three outcomes of acute inflammation, which one is a minimal injury and which one is a severe injury?

A

minimal- resolution; severe-scarring

69
Q

what are the 6 types of patterns of inflammation?

A
  1. serous 2. fibrinous 3. suppurative 4. ulcerative 5. pseudomembranous 6. granulomatous
70
Q

what type of inflammation pattern accumulates serum within or below the epidermis and has a watery effusion?

A

serous

71
Q

what are 3 causes of serous inflammation?

A

autoimmune, chemical exposure, poison ivy

72
Q

what inflammation pattern is due to severe injury and will increase vessel permeability?

A

fibrinous

73
Q

what will fibrinous inflammation produce?

A

fibrin rich exudate

74
Q

where will fibrinous inflammation occur?

A

pericarditis and pleuritis

75
Q

what type of inflammation patter is a local infection with pus forming organism?

A

suppurative

76
Q

what constitutes pus?

A

neutrophils, dead/injured tissues, edema

77
Q

what is an abscess?

A

localized pus

78
Q

define ulcerative inflammation.

A

superficial area of necrotic tissue

79
Q

what are some types of ulcerative inflammation?

A

peptic and aphthous ulcers

80
Q

what are 2 types of pseudomembranous inflammation?

A

dipthriae and C-Diff

81
Q

what is another name for suppurative inflammation?

A

purulent

82
Q

where will you find fibrinous inflammation?

A

heart and lungs

83
Q

where will you find purulent/suppurative inflammation?

A

skin/acne

84
Q

what inflammation pattern is a pattern of chronic inflammation?

A

granuloma

85
Q

true or false. there are few scattered lymphocytes among the macrophages in granulomas.

A

true

86
Q

what is the main condition that produces granulomas?

A

tuberculosis

87
Q

what type of granuloma does tuberculosis create?

A

caseating granuloma

88
Q

true or false. fungal infection in the lungs are common and symptomatic.

A

false. a-symptomatic

89
Q

what are the 6 cell derived mediators of inflammation?

A
  1. vasoactive amines 2. arachidonic acid metabolites 3. cytokines 4. reactive oxygen species 5. lysosomal enzymes 6. neuropeptides
90
Q

what is released from vasoactive amines and what are their functions?

A

histamine- vasodilation and serotonin-vasoconstriction during clotting

91
Q

where do vasoactive amines come from?

A

mast cells and platelets

92
Q

what type of inflammation do vasoactive amines function in?

A

acute

93
Q

where do arachidonic acid metabolites come from?

A

WBCs, mast cells, endothelia, platelets

94
Q

what three things are secreted from arachidonic acid metabolites?

A

prostaglandins, leukotrienes, lipoxins

95
Q

what is the function on prostaglandins?

A

vasodilation, pain, and fever

96
Q

what will block prostaglandin synthesis?

A

NSAIDs= reduced pain and fever

97
Q

what is the function of leukotrienes?

A

bronchospasm and increase permeability

98
Q

what is the function of lipoxins?

A

inhibit chemotaxis (anti-inflammatory)

99
Q

where do cytokines come from?

A

mast and endothelial cells, macrophages

100
Q

what is the function of cytokines?

A

increase WBC production, adhesion, and migration

101
Q

true or false. cytokines are anti inflammatory.

A

false. pro inflammatory

102
Q

where do reactive oxygen species comes from?

A

neutrophils and macrophages

103
Q

what is secreted from ROS? what is the function?

A

Nitric Oxide; vasodilation and microbial killing

104
Q

where will you find lysosomal enzymes?

A

within neutrophils and monocytes

105
Q

what is the function of lysosomal enzymes?

A

microbial killing and tissue degradation

106
Q

what is the function of neuropeptides?

A

initiate inflammation, transmit pain, and regulates vascular tone and permeability

107
Q

substance p is released from which inflammation mediator?

A

neuropeptides

108
Q

what are the three plasma protein derived inflammation mediators?

A
  1. complement proteins 2. coagulation proteins 3. kinin system
109
Q

what plasma protein derivative deals with opsonization, increase permeability, WBC adhesion, and chemotaxis?

A

complement proteins

110
Q

membrane attack complex deals with bacteria under what inflammatory mediator?

A

complement proteins

111
Q

Hageman factor from the liver deals with what plasma protein derivative?

A

coagulative proteins

112
Q

coagulative proteins activate _____ which leads to clotting.

A

thrombin

113
Q

true or false. coagulative proteins will only stimulate kinin systems.

A

false. it will stimulate complement and kinin systems

114
Q

kinin system is a plasma protein derivative that will lead to the production of ______?

A

bradykinin

115
Q

what is the function of bradykinin?

A

vasodilation, pain, and coagulation

116
Q

what is chronic inflammation due to?

A

unresolved acute inflammation

117
Q

what are the 3 causes of unresolved acute inflammation?

A
  1. prolonged inflammation 2. immunosuppression 3. hypersensitivity
118
Q

what are the 3 features of chronic inflammation?

A
  1. mononuclear leukocytes (macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells) 2. tissue destruction 3. vessel production and fibrosis
119
Q

what cell is the dominant cell at the site of chronic inflammation?

A

macrophages

120
Q

what are the 2 functions of macrophages?

A
  1. eliminate microbes and dead cells 2. initiate angiogenesis and fibrosis
121
Q

what are macrophages activated by?

A

edotoxin, cytokines, foreign bodies

122
Q

what cell of chronic inflammation deal with innate and adaptive immunity?

A

lymphocytes

123
Q

why do b cells produce plasma cells to produce antibodies?

A

so we an have a faster reaction next time

124
Q

what cells are associated with alternatively activated macrophages?

A

mast cell and eosinophils

125
Q

what do leukocytes produce?

A

cytokines

126
Q

what are the two systemic effects of inflammation?

A

fever and elevated plasma proteins

127
Q

fever and elevated plasma proteins are associated with what type of reaction?

A

acute phase reaction

128
Q

what are some symptoms of acute phase rxn?

A

lethargy, somnolence, malaise, increase HR and BP, anorexia, anhidrosis (lack of sweating)

129
Q

fever is associated with what part of the brain?

A

hypothalamus- increase temp set point (feel cold)

130
Q

what will lead to prostaglandin synthesis during fever?

A

pyrogens

131
Q

what will lead to inflammation during elevated plasma proteins?

A

increased CRP and fibrinogen and increased ESR of Sed Rate

132
Q

define leukocytosis.

A

elevated leukocytes in blood

133
Q

leukocytosis commonly follows infections. bacterial will increase ______ and viral will increase _______.

A

neutrophils; lymphocytes

134
Q

leukemoid rxns mimic _______.

A

leukemia

135
Q

what is the term associated with a decrease in blood leukocyte count?

A

leukopenia

136
Q

what are some causes of leukopenia?

A

AIDS, chemotherapy, radiation

137
Q

what are some various sources of cell injury?

A

trauma, microbial infections, foreign bodies, toxins, chronic inflammation

138
Q

true or false. tissue repair begins after inflammation is eliminated.

A

false. before

139
Q

what is the difference between regeneration and scarring?

A

regeneration- stem cells proiferate; scarring- cells are unable to proliferate

140
Q

where can you find fibrosis?

A

lungs, liver, kidney, myocardium

141
Q

fibrosis occurs in tissues with what two features?

A
  1. chronic inflammation 2. damage to terminally differentiated cells (mature)
142
Q

what are examples of terminally differentiated cells?

A

CNS neurons and cardiac myocytes

143
Q

how are cell and tissue regeneration stimulated by growth factors?

A

production of GFs and cellular response to GF (entry into cell)

144
Q

what three factors are needed for tissue homeostasis?

A
  1. cellular proliferation 2. apoptosis 2. stem cell differentiation

General Pathology (2 decks)

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