Chapter 2 Flashcards
2.1 Matter is…
described (not DEFINED) as anything that occupies a volume of space and has mass. (Can also be sensed.)
2.1 Operational science relies on ___.
Observation.
2.1 Are light, airwaves and heat matter or not?
Not matter.
2.1 Four types of matter.
Solid, liquid, gas, and plasma (like in flourescent lamps).
2.1Matter occurs in different “states” because of the arrangement and motion of its ___.
Particles.
2.2 Which civilization developed an atomistic philosophy before the Greeks?
India(ns), in the 6th century BC. [But this doesn’t necessarily mean the Indians were the first to develop it.]
2.2 Aristotle believed in continuous matter which means…
matter could be subdivided repeatedly into infinitely small particles.
2.2 Atomists believed that a substance eventually can’t be further divided and you would get to a basic, indivisible particle called a(n) ____.
Atom.
2.2 Atomists believe in an indivisible basic particle called the ___
Atom.
2.2 Aristotle objected to atomism because…
it meant a void/vacuum must exist between atoms, and Aristotle didn’t think “nothing” could exist.
2.2 Aristotle’s writings about nature influenced which culture’s models of science?
…European models of science (for nearly 2000 years).
2.2 In the 1600s, a theory of matter gained foothold in Europe called ____.
The particle theory of matter
2.2 Atomism is the concept that matter is made of …
tiny unseen particles.
2.2 The ORIGIN of atomism is unknown (T/F).
True (Indians knew it before Greeks, however.)
2.2 How might have the Chinese’s use of pictographic writing affected their ideas about matter?
Since pictographic writing used symbols to represent whole things/ideas, the Chinese may have had a mental block against thinking of physical objects as being made of smaller particles.
2.2 Earliest Europeans to include the concept of atomism in their writing: ___.
Greeks.
2.2 Greek atomists, being naturalists, viewed life as totally ___
Purposeless, because the universe, they thought, was just random collisions of atoms.
2.2 Plato and his student Aristotle rejected the purposeless of naturalism because …
They saw purpose, beauty and order in nature, which came from a “celestial perfection.”
2.2 Aristotle’s view of atoms was they were points with __ dimensions.
No/zero. (thus, matter was continuous with no spaces between atoms).
2.2 Greek philosophers thought that reasoning was the only source of ___.
Truth.
2.2 Greeks didn’t use experiments because…
They thought atoms could change, nature was therefore imperfect, and so testing couldn’t produce truth.
2.2 Aristotle’s teachings were accepted because they gave an impression that…
…the world and human life had purpose (because of the beauty and order they saw).
2.2 Name of empire where Aristotle’s teachings were adoped.
The Roman Empire.
2.2 Aristotle’s philosophies became less valuable when…
Copernicus’s sun-centered model (“solar system”) superceded Aristotle’s geocentric view (Earth as center).
2.2 By the 1700s, Aristotle’s theory was replaced by which theory?
John Dalton’s 1803 particle theory. (This suggested matter ISN’T continuous.)
2.2 The classification of known chemical elements and the discovery of new ones came about because of which scientist’s model?
John Dalton’s particle model.
2.2 By 1860 scientists were convinced of the existence of atoms and their larger particles called ___.
molecules.
2.2 General date the electron had been discovered.
By 1900.
2.2 By 1910 physicists knew the atom was mostly empty space but had a dense ___.
nucleus with positively charged protons.
2.2 In 1935, scientists discovered a nuclear particle (that is, a particle in the nucleus) called ___.
neutron.
2.2 In 1956 a new particle was found. Some nuclear changes emitted this new particle called ___.
neutrino.
2.2 Electrons, protons, neutrons, and other particles in the nucleus are called: __.
elementary particles
2.2 In the 1900s, scientists discovered electron particles could act as __. Then they realized that ALL matter also acts as ___(s).
waves.
2.2 True/False: Scientific models can only describe some things in workable ways under certain conditions.
True (e.g., current technology only shows the smallest particles acting as waves, even though it is believed ALL particles also act as waves.)
2.2 The links that atoms make with each other are called ___.
chemical bonds
2.2 Bonds between atoms create…
relatively stable arrangements, some rigidity, definite shape, structure.
2.2 True/False: Bonds are the source of matter’s properties.
True.
2.2 The properties of matter are due to the way the…
particles work together or connect in the substance.
2.3 If the particle model of matter is workable (i.e., a useful explanation), then it should be able to explain…
how matter behaves in everyday situations, as seen in lab observations.
2.3 Two assumptions of the particle model of matter:
(1) Matter is made up of tiny particles (atoms or molecules) and, (2) the particles are in constant motion.
2.3 Diffusion is:
the dispersion of a substance through another by particle motion.
2.3 Brownian motion is:
the movement of bits of matter (atoms/molecules) in liquids and gases
2.3 Tiny particles in random, constant motion make up all ___. This is the fundamental model of matter called the k___ t__ of matter.
matter; kinetic-molecular theory
2.4 A subatomic particle is any particle of matter that is:
smaller than an atom.
2.4 At the center of the atom is the __.
nucleus.
2.4 The nucleus contains one or more ___; the protons determine the ___ __ ___.
protons; kind of atom.
2.4 The proton carries a ___ ___ charge.
single, positive
2.4 Neutral neutrons contain __ ____ charge.
no electrical
2.4 Electrons can exist in two places (2 phrases): ___ and ___.
(1) in the spherical volume of space around the nucleus or (2) as particles flying between atoms.
2.4 The electron mass is greater/less than the proton’s or neutron’s mass: ___?
less than
2.4 The electron “cloud” that surrounds the nucleus determines…
the size/volume of the atom.
2.4 An ideal atom has what kind of charge?
neutral.
2.4 If the numbers of electrons (negative) and protons (positive) are equal in the space around the nucleus, then they cancel each other out and are ___.
neutral.
2.5 A molecule is a distinct particle formed when…
two or more atoms bond together and become separate from other atoms.
2.6 True/False: Electrons in an atoms or molecule can be gain/lost under certain conditions.
True.
2.6 Particles with unbalanced (non-neutral) electrical charges are called ___.
ions.
2.6 Anions have a __ electrical charge and more __ than ___.
negative, electrons than protons.
2.6 Cations have a __ electrical charge and more __ than ___.
positive, protons than electrons.
2.6 Two types of ions are called: __ and ___.
anions and cations
2.6 Ions form common matter such as __ and ___.
rocks, salt.
2.4 The electrical charges on protons and electrons are opposite in sign but __ in size.
equal
2.4 The size/magnitude of the electrical charge of the positive proton and negative electron are equal. This is called the ___ ___ ___.
Fundamental electrical charge
Adam followed God’s Creation Mandate by ____ animals into kinds based on their appearance.
classifying
How do we classify substances? (two ways)
We classify by the kinds of particles trhey are and how they are combined.
Two kinds of substances are:
pure substances & mixtures.
True/False: An element is the simplest kind of pure substance.
True.
An element is made of only one kind of ___.
Atom.
True/False: Elements can be single atoms, molecules of one kind of atom, or huge masses of the same kind of atom.
True.
Name the two kinds of pure substances:
elements and compounds.
What do you call ‘more than one kind of atom chemically bonded together.’ ?
a compound.
Two types of compounds:
Organic and inorganic.
Organice Compounds always contain this element: __.
Carbon.
Name two kinds of mixtures:
homogeneous and heterogeneous.
True/False: Mixtures are NOT chemically combined, but do contain elements, compounds or other mixtures.
True.
The main difference between a compound and a mixture:
The substances in a mixture are NOT chemically combined.
Describe homogeneous mixtures:
particles of each substance are roughly the same size and mix evenly.
Describe heterogeneous mixtures:
particles of each substance differ greatly in size.
Uniform mixtures that are gases or liquids are also called: __.
solutions.
States of matter are often call phases because: ___.
Many materials can exist together in more than one state.
A substance’s physical state depends on:
the strength of the attraction between particles and how fast they are moving.
The slower that particles move, the (higher/lower) the temperature.
lower
The higher the temperature, the (slower/faster) particles are moving.
faster
True/False: The state of a substance depends on the kind of substance and the conditions surrounding it.
True.
The state of a substance depends on two things:
(1) the kind of substance and (2) the conditions surrounding it.
What does STP stand for?
Standard Temperature and Pressure
(0 degrees Celsius and sea level)
Particles of a solid are close together and occupy definite ___.
positions.
(altho they do randomly vibrate in those positions)
Vibrations of a solid’s particles have
the ___ (slowest? fastest?) motion.
Slowest motion of the three states of matter.
Describe compressibility of solids.
Solids have low compressibility, since if you squeezed them closer, the atoms would strongly repel each other.
Particles in a crystalline solid are arranged in ___ patterns.
Geometric patterns that can repeat without limit
(forming crystals).
Particles that are randomly arranged in solids are called ___ ___.
Amorphous solids.
Most forms of glass are ___ solids.
Amorphous
Long chains or nets of identical, linked molecules
are called ___.
Polymers
Polymers are solids made from
Artificial and natural organic compounds.
An array of particles in a crystalline solid is called a
crystalline lattice.
7 characteristics of a solid
Definite volume, shape. (2)
Dense.
Low compressibility.
Close particles that vibrate in fixed positions.
Crystalline solids are a repeating structure.
Amorphous solids have fixed but random particle arrangement.
What are the two main physical properties of a liquid?
A liquid has a definite volume and it flows.
A liquid’s resistance to flow is called ___.
viscosity.
Particles in the gaseous state move how? (direction/speed)
very fast in straight lines (until they collide with something).
Does gas have a definite shape like a solid?
No
Does gas have a definite volume like a liquid?
No.
True/False: Different gases can have different densities.
True.
(similar to how liquids have different thicknesses/viscosities)
What is the definition of gas pressure?
The force a gas exerts on an area.
In Fahrenheit, what is the temperature threshold(s) of water as a solid, liquid and a gas?
Water is solid ice at 32 degrees F or below.
Water is gas at 212 degrees F or above.
Water is liquid between 32 and 212 degrees F.
In Celcius, what is the temperature threshold(s) of water as a solid, liquid and a gas?
Water is ice at 0degrees C or below.
Water is gas at 100degrees C or above.
Water is liquid between 0-100 degrees C.
True/False: You can pour carbon dioxide gas just like a liquid.
True.
Which state of matter has particles that are completely mobile but still close together?
Liquid.
True/False: A liquid forms a free surface if it doesn’t completely fill its container.
True.
Physical properties of matter (up to 6)
color, density, hardness, crystal, form, texture, and physical state.
(note, the CHEMICAL composition doesn’t change in these instances)
Definition of Physical change:
Any change of the ARRANGEMENT of the matter (with no change in material’s chemical composition).
What kind of change is used to produce electricity: chemical or physical
Physical change
Do “flammable” and “inflammable” mean the same thing?
Yes, both mean easily ignited or burns easily.
(flames/in flames)
True/False
Chemical changes occur when atoms of different substances break apart and recombine differently.
True/False: Physical properties and chemical properties are two ways to identify or classify matter.
True
True/False: Materials can change from one kind of chemical substance into other kinds of chemical substances.
True. We use this property of matter all the time to convert a material into something new.
Are these examples of physical or
chemical change (aka chemical reaction)?
Burning fuel,
photosynthesis,
stomach digestion,
rusting/corrosion
chemical change.
