Chapter 2 Flashcards
2.1 Matter is…
described (not DEFINED) as anything that occupies a volume of space and has mass. (Can also be sensed.)
2.1 Operational science relies on ___.
Observation.
2.1 Are light, airwaves and heat matter or not?
Not matter.
2.1 Four types of matter.
Solid, liquid, gas, and plasma (like in flourescent lamps).
2.1Matter occurs in different “states” because of the arrangement and motion of its ___.
Particles.
2.2 Which civilization developed an atomistic philosophy before the Greeks?
India(ns), in the 6th century BC. [But this doesn’t necessarily mean the Indians were the first to develop it.]
2.2 Aristotle believed in continuous matter which means…
matter could be subdivided repeatedly into infinitely small particles.
2.2 Atomists believed that a substance eventually can’t be further divided and you would get to a basic, indivisible particle called a(n) ____.
Atom.
2.2 Atomists believe in an indivisible basic particle called the ___
Atom.
2.2 Aristotle objected to atomism because…
it meant a void/vacuum must exist between atoms, and Aristotle didn’t think “nothing” could exist.
2.2 Aristotle’s writings about nature influenced which culture’s models of science?
…European models of science (for nearly 2000 years).
2.2 In the 1600s, a theory of matter gained foothold in Europe called ____.
The particle theory of matter
2.2 Atomism is the concept that matter is made of …
tiny unseen particles.
2.2 The ORIGIN of atomism is unknown (T/F).
True (Indians knew it before Greeks, however.)
2.2 How might have the Chinese’s use of pictographic writing affected their ideas about matter?
Since pictographic writing used symbols to represent whole things/ideas, the Chinese may have had a mental block against thinking of physical objects as being made of smaller particles.
2.2 Earliest Europeans to include the concept of atomism in their writing: ___.
Greeks.
2.2 Greek atomists, being naturalists, viewed life as totally ___
Purposeless, because the universe, they thought, was just random collisions of atoms.
2.2 Plato and his student Aristotle rejected the purposeless of naturalism because …
They saw purpose, beauty and order in nature, which came from a “celestial perfection.”
2.2 Aristotle’s view of atoms was they were points with __ dimensions.
No/zero. (thus, matter was continuous with no spaces between atoms).
2.2 Greek philosophers thought that reasoning was the only source of ___.
Truth.
2.2 Greeks didn’t use experiments because…
They thought atoms could change, nature was therefore imperfect, and so testing couldn’t produce truth.
2.2 Aristotle’s teachings were accepted because they gave an impression that…
…the world and human life had purpose (because of the beauty and order they saw).
2.2 Name of empire where Aristotle’s teachings were adoped.
The Roman Empire.
2.2 Aristotle’s philosophies became less valuable when…
Copernicus’s sun-centered model (“solar system”) superceded Aristotle’s geocentric view (Earth as center).
2.2 By the 1700s, Aristotle’s theory was replaced by which theory?
John Dalton’s 1803 particle theory. (This suggested matter ISN’T continuous.)
2.2 The classification of known chemical elements and the discovery of new ones came about because of which scientist’s model?
John Dalton’s particle model.
2.2 By 1860 scientists were convinced of the existence of atoms and their larger particles called ___.
molecules.
2.2 General date the electron had been discovered.
By 1900.
2.2 By 1910 physicists knew the atom was mostly empty space but had a dense ___.
nucleus with positively charged protons.
2.2 In 1935, scientists discovered a nuclear particle (that is, a particle in the nucleus) called ___.
neutron.
2.2 In 1956 a new particle was found. Some nuclear changes emitted this new particle called ___.
neutrino.
2.2 Electrons, protons, neutrons, and other particles in the nucleus are called: __.
elementary particles
2.2 In the 1900s, scientists discovered electron particles could act as __. Then they realized that ALL matter also acts as ___(s).
waves.
2.2 True/False: Scientific models can only describe some things in workable ways under certain conditions.
True (e.g., current technology only shows the smallest particles acting as waves, even though it is believed ALL particles also act as waves.)
2.2 The links that atoms make with each other are called ___.
chemical bonds
2.2 Bonds between atoms create…
relatively stable arrangements, some rigidity, definite shape, structure.
2.2 True/False: Bonds are the source of matter’s properties.
True.
2.2 The properties of matter are due to the way the…
particles work together or connect in the substance.
2.3 If the particle model of matter is workable (i.e., a useful explanation), then it should be able to explain…
how matter behaves in everyday situations, as seen in lab observations.
2.3 Two assumptions of the particle model of matter:
(1) Matter is made up of tiny particles (atoms or molecules) and, (2) the particles are in constant motion.
2.3 Diffusion is:
the dispersion of a substance through another by particle motion.
2.3 Brownian motion is:
the movement of bits of matter (atoms/molecules) in liquids and gases
2.3 Tiny particles in random, constant motion make up all ___. This is the fundamental model of matter called the k___ t__ of matter.
matter; kinetic-molecular theory
2.4 A subatomic particle is any particle of matter that is:
smaller than an atom.
2.4 At the center of the atom is the __.
nucleus.
2.4 The nucleus contains one or more ___; the protons determine the ___ __ ___.
protons; kind of atom.
2.4 The proton carries a ___ ___ charge.
single, positive
