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SOCW 330 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a longitudinal study?

A

data collection over time-at several points in time

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2
Q

What is a cross-sectional study?

A

data collection at one point in time

cheaper

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3
Q

Ethics: What should you do before you begin the study?

A

Consider professional codes of ethics

application-institutional review board =REB

  • study purpose & plan, participants, benefits & risks, consents etc
  • UNBC REB guided by Tri-Council policy statement (tutorial)
    - monthly meetings during academic year
    - timing of application is important
    - expect feedback/minor revisions/questions to answer
    - FORM-INTERNET

select a site without vested interests

obtain permission to gain access- site & study participants

negotiate authorship-publishing

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4
Q

Ethics:What should you do at the Beginning the study?

A

identify a problem that will benefit participants

let participants know-purpose and sponsors

obtain informed consent-do not pressure

respect norms & charters
-of Indigenous & other cultures

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5
Q

Ethics : Things to consider when collecting the data

A

Respect the site – minimal disruption

Anticipate & consider

  • Respect for vulnerable populations
  • Risks for participants
    - Avoid deception
    - Avoid exploitation
    - Potential power imbalances

Confidentiality

Interview with sensitivity

Make sure all participants receive the benefits

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6
Q

Ethics: Data Analysis

A

Avoid taking sides or disregard data that proves or disproves personal hypotheses

Full disclosure of results
-Avoid disclosing only positive results

Respect the privacy of participants:
-Protect anonymity of participants

Storing data & destroy it after a set time

Plan ownership of data
-not sharing data with others

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7
Q

Ethics: Reporting, sharing & storing

A

Communicate - clear straightforward, appropriate language :

    - Share with stakeholders, participants
    - Avoid disclosing information that would harm participants

Do not falsify authorship, evidence, data, findings or conclusions:

    - Understand who owns the data
    - Do not plagiarize
    - Proof of compliance with ethical issues and lack of conflict of interest

Keep raw data and other materials for a reasonable period of time

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8
Q

What is the purpose statement?

A

First “signpost” to lead reader:

  • Usually positioned at the end of the introduction
  • Should be clear, specific & informative

Establishes intent of the research:

- why do the study and what will be accomplished
- Central controlling idea in a study:
        - Sets objectives, intent, or major idea of a proposal or a study
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9
Q

The purpose statement is not…

A

The problem or issue identifying need for research

The question(s) to be answered by collecting data

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10
Q

What are the basic features of a QUAL purpose statement?

A

Focus - single phenomenon
-narrows study to one idea to be explored or understood.

A good qualitative purpose statement has:
-Central phenomenon – including working definition
-Emerging design used
-Language drawn from QUAL inquiry:
Starts with purpose, intent, or objective
Action verbs: Describe, explore, develop
Neutral words or phrases

Participants

Research site

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11
Q

what are the basic features of the QUANT purpose statement?

A

Differs from QUAL purpose statements in language & focus

QUANT language

Theory, model use

Focus on major variables used in study:

  • Relating or comparing variables:
    1. Identifies Independent, dependent & any mediating, moderating, or control variables
    2. and how these relate to participants & site
      3. Positions independent before dependent variable

Strategy of inquiry (e.g., survey, experiment)

Literature used to define key variables

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12
Q

What does a good MM purpose statement have?

A

Overall intent

Information about both QUANT & QUAL strands

Rationale – reasons - for MM study

Type of MM design:

1. A convergent design
2. Explanatory sequential design    3. Exploratory sequential design
4. Multiphase design
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13
Q

research question and hypothesis

A

Another important signpost for the reader of a study.

Narrows the purpose statement
-what will be learned or questions to be answered in a study.

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14
Q

What does QUAL research use?

A

Use research questions

 - Not hypotheses
 - Not objectives
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15
Q

What are the 2types of QUAL research questions to focus a study’s purpose?

A
  1. Central question
    - 1 or 2 Broad questions that asks for exploration of the central phenomenon
    - Intent - explore general factors relevant to the central phenomenon.
  2. Sub questions
    - 5 -7 Questions that narrow the focus of the study
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16
Q

What does the QUAL research question begin with?

A

Begins with what or how – open & emerging design

- Nondirectional versus directional verbs used
- Directional words are like affect, influence, impact, determine, cause and relate
17
Q

what does QUANT researchers pose?

A

QUANT researchers pose research questions or hypotheses and objectives to focus the study’s purpose

18
Q

What are QUANT research questions?

A

Questions about relationships among variables that the investigator seeks to know

19
Q

What are QUANT hypotheses?

A

Predictions that the researcher makes about the expected relationships among variables

Predictions about a population values the researcher will estimate based on data from a sample

20
Q

What are the QUANT research objectives?

A

Indicate a study’s goals

Used frequently in proposals for funding

21
Q

What are different ways to write questions and hypotheses into a MM study?

A
  1. Write separate QUAL questions & QUANT questions or hypotheses:
    • Emphasis on the 2 approaches
    • At beginning or as they emerge in phases
  2. Write separate questions or hypotheses followed by a MM question:
    • Highlights 2 approaches and combined strength
  3. Write only a mixed methods question:
    • emphasizes integration and not the individual parts
22
Q

Forms: Research questions

A

Specify descriptive questions for each important variable

Next, state inferential questions that relate variables or compare groups

Finally, add questions in which variables are controlled

23
Q

Forms: Hypotheses

A

Hypotheses – use of consistent form:
1. Null hypotheses (predict no difference or no relationship)

  1. Alternative or directional hypotheses (predict direction of difference or relationship)
  2. Nondirectional hypotheses (predict a difference or relationship, but not its direction)
24
Q

QUANT research questions and hypotheses

A

Questions or hypotheses, not both

Essentially 3 approaches to variables in a question or hypothesis:

  1. Compare groups
  2. Relate variables
  3. Describe responses

Based on theory if possible

Measure - independent & dependent variables separately

Demographic info - intervening variables

Consistent words & ordering - independent and dependent variables

Use of variables to do:

- An experiment or group comparisons
- A survey that correlates variables
- A descriptive study

Research questions or hypothesis:

   - Logically follow from relationship among variables in a theory 
  - May indicate cause and effect logic
 - do not write both
25
Q

What is the criteria for evaluating research?

A

terminology

criteria for evaluating

26
Q

How do you judge the quality of research?

A

various ways used to judge quality

-depending on Research Approach used

27
Q

What are the four aspects of trustworthiness?

A

Truth value:
-confidence in the ‘truth’ of the findings

Applicability:
-Degree findings are applicable to other contexts, groups

Consistency:
-Whether Findings consistently found in similar context / similar groups

Neutrality:
-Degree findings are based on subjects / conditions of study – not on researcher

28
Q

Aspects of trustworthiness: QUANT

A

Truth Value:
Internal validity
How: control variables, rule out other possibilities

Applicability:
External Validity
Generalizability
How: probability sampling( e.g. randomized, representative), establishes study as context free

Consistency:
Reliability
How: replicate studies

Neutrality:
Objectivity
How: insulate investigator eg. instruments used

29
Q

Aspects of trustworthiness: QUAL

A 
Truth Value: 
              Credibility
   How: "prolonged" engagement 
              adequate referential material (transcripts, field notes)
              member checks 
              peer debriefing

Applicability:
Transferability
How: purposeful sampling
thick description

Consistency:
Dependability
How: overlap methods (eg. interviews/ FGs)
audit trail

Neutrality:
               Confirmability 
     How: triangulation (of data source, data methods)
              reflexivity 
              audit trail

SOCW 330 (2 decks)

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