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SPA 330 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiac

A

Pertains to the heart

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2
Q

Chondro

A

Pertains to cartilage

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3
Q

-Clavis

A

Pertains to the clavicle

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4
Q

Costal

A

Pertains to the ribs

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5
Q

Costarum

A

Pertains to the ribs

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6
Q

Crico

A

Pertains to the cricoid cartilage

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7
Q

Dorsi

A

Pertains to the back

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8
Q

Glottic

A

Pertains to the glottis, the variable - sized opening between the vocal folds (vf)

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9
Q

Ilio

A

Pertains to the ilium

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10
Q

Inter

A

Between

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11
Q

Intra

A

Within or inside of

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12
Q

Lumbo

A

Pertains to the lumbar region or the vertebral column

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13
Q

Odontoid

A

Shaped like a tooth

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14
Q

Osseo

A

Pertains to bone

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15
Q

Parietal

A

Pertains to the wall of a cavity

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16
Q

Pectoral

A

Pertains to the chest

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17
Q

Pelvic

A

Pertains to the pelvis

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18
Q

Peri

A

Around or surrounding

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19
Q

Phrenic

A

Pertains to the diaphragm

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20
Q

Pulmo

A

Pertains to the lungs

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21
Q

Sacral

A

Pertains to the sacrum

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22
Q

Serratus

A

Having a saw tooth or jagged appearance

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23
Q

Spire

A

Pertaining to the process of breathing

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24
Q

Sterno

A

Pertaining to the sternum

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25
Q

Sub

A

Below or inferior to

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26
Q

Tracheal

A

Pertains to the trachea

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27
Q

Vertebro

A

Pertains to the vertebral or spinal column

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28
Q

What is breathing

A

The process of gas exchange between an organism and its environment

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29
Q

Gas exchange is two type of processes

A

Physical and chemical

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30
Q

What is the physical process in breathing

A

The process of gas exchange between an organism and its environment

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31
Q

What is chemical process in breathing

A

The oxidation of food to produce water, carbon dioxide, and heat

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32
Q

What is breathing in terms of speech

A

The mechanical process

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33
Q

What is the mechanical process

A

Air is brought into the lungs and forced out again

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34
Q

What is Boyle’s law

A

If a gas is kept at a constant temperature, pressure and volume are inversely or portions to one another and have a constant product

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35
Q

Kinetic theory of gases

A

gasses are composed of large numbers of individual molecules that engage in unceasing motion. When the molecules are placed in a vessel, they move about randomly and at high speeds, colliding with one another and with the walls of the vessel.

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36
Q

What are the divisions of the respiratory tract

A

Upper

Lower

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37
Q

What is a space or cavity of the body

A

Sinuses ????

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38
Q

Positive pressure

A

Pressures greater than atmospheric pressure

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39
Q

Negative pressure

A

Pressures less than atmospheric pressure

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40
Q

What cavity do the lungs lie

A

Thoracic cavity

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41
Q

How do the lungs communicate with the outside world

A

Through the Trachea, larynx, pharynx, and the oral and nasal cavities also know as the respiratory tract

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42
Q

What does the respiratory tract consist of

A

Trachea, larynx, pharynx, and the oral and nasal cavities.

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43
Q

What does the respiratory tract do

A

Transmits air to the organs of respiration

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44
Q

What are the organs of respiration

A

Lungs

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45
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Inhalation and exhalation

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46
Q

External respiration

A

Gas exchange between the lungs and the blood

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47
Q

Internal respiration

A

Gas exchange between blood and the cells of the body

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48
Q

A decrease in the volume of the thorax will result in what?

A

Positive pressure in the lungs

If the respiratory tract is open, the air will rush out until once again the outside and the inside pressures are the same.

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49
Q

What is the respiratory passage

A

In descending order, the nasal and oral cavities, the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi. These structures form a continuous open passage leading from the exterior tot the lungs.

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50
Q

Organs of articulation and resonance

A

Nasal, oral and pharyngeal cavities

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51
Q

What forms the vocal tract

A

nasal, oral cavities, the pharynx larynx, trachea, and bronchi.

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52
Q

What does the vocal tract do

A

Filter, moisten, and warm the air prior to its entering the lower respiratory tract by way of the larynx.

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53
Q

Larynx

A

Uppermost tracheal cartilages that forms a highly specialized alveolar mechanism that may open or close the air passageway.

serves as a protective device

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54
Q

Thoracic fixation

A

Valvular action that permits circumstances that demand increased abdominal pressure in order to evacuate visceral contents, such as…..Defecation, emetics, micturation, and heavy lifting

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55
Q

where is the trachea

A

Extends from the larynx (at the level of the sixth cervical vertebra) to the bronchi below (top of the fifth thoracic vertebra)

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56
Q

What is the trachea composed of

A

16 to 20 horse shoe shaped rings of hyaline cartilage that is separated by a small space that is occupied by a fibroelastic membrane. The wring is incomplete in the back where the trachea has direct contact with the esophagus. The intervening space between the ends of the tracheal rights is occupied by fibrous tissue and smooth muscle.

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57
Q

What is the trachea connected to

A

The first tracheal cartilage is slightly larger than the rest and it is connected with the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage of the larynx by means of cricotracheal ligaments.

The last tracheal cartilage bifurcates, giving rise to the main stem bronchi.

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58
Q

Trachea

Fibrous membrane

A

The fibrous membrane consists of two layers.

One passes over the inner surface and one passes over the outer surface of the cartilaginous rings.

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59
Q

Trachea

What is in the space between the tracheal rings

A

The two layers of the fibrous membrane blend together to form a single intratracheal membrane which connects the tracheal rings one with another.

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60
Q

Trachea

What is found in the space between the ends of the tracheal rings

A

Smooth muscle that consists of an outer longitudinal layer and an inner transverse layer.

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61
Q

Trachea

Mucous membrane

A

Lines the trachea and is continuous with the larynx and the bronchi.

The surface layer is composed of pseudo stratified ciliates columnar epithelium.

Rests on a basement membrane beneath which is sub mucous layer of connective tissue, blood vessels, and mucous glands.

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62
Q

Trachea

Goblet cell

A

Modified epithelial cell.

Secretory and periodically releases mucus

Lines the trachea in the form of a continuous sheet with mucous produced by mucous glands in the membrane.

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63
Q

Brachial

A

Pertains to the arm or shoulder

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64
Q

Trachea

Cilia

A

Continuously in motion, beating about ten times per second, at first quickly downward and then slowly upward, the mucus is lifted as a continuous sheet upward toward the larynx.

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65
Q

Bronchi

A

Extend from the trachea to the lungs

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66
Q

Bronchi’s 3 groups

A

Main stem bronchi

Lobar or secondary bronchi

Segmental or tertiary bronchi

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67
Q

Bronchi

Main stem bronchi

A

Connect the trachea to the lungs at the hilum

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68
Q

Bronchi

Hilum

A

Point of where the main stem bronchi and the lung meet.

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69
Q

Bronchi are composed of

A

Imperfect cartilaginous rings that our bound together by fibroelastic tissue.

Invested by smooth muscle fibers and are lined with pseudostratified ciliates columnar epithelium.

Walls contain elastic and glandular tissue.

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70
Q

Right bronchus

A

Divides into three secondary bronchi, one for each lobe of the right lung.

The secondary bronchi subdivides into ten tertiary bronchi

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71
Q

Left bronchus

A

Divides into two secondary bronchi

Eight tertiary bronchi

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72
Q

The bronchioles

A

Final division of the bronchi

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73
Q

Terminal bronchioles

A

Divisions of the bronchioles.

Communicate directly with the alveolar ducts.

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74
Q

Alveolus

A

Small pit or depression

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75
Q

Alveoli

A

Pitted small depressions on the walls of the terminal bronchioles and air sacs.

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76
Q

Alveoli are lined by?

A

Single layer of epithelial cells resting on a thin basement membrane.

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77
Q

Type I cells

A

Epithelial cells lining the alveoli

78
Q

Type II cells

A

Produce pulmonary surfactant

79
Q

Longing of the alveoli

A

Phagocytic cells

80
Q

Lungs are located in what cavity

A

Thoracic

81
Q

Thoracic cavity houses what?

A

Lungs, heart, great blood easels, nerves, esophagus, lesser lymph and blood vessels.

82
Q

Mediastinum

A

Central region of the thorax, bounded on each side by a lung and by a pleural sac.

Divided by an interior, middle, posterior, and superior mediastinum.

83
Q

Anterior mediastinum contains…

A

Few mammary vessels and lymph nodes

84
Q

Middle mediastinum contains….

A

Heart which is surrounded by a closed membranous sac known as the pericardium

85
Q

Posterior mediastinum contains….

A

Located behind the heart, contains part of the esophagus and trachea, some important nerve tracts and the blood vessels that supply the head.

86
Q

Lung tissue is passive and….

A

Can not exert any force except that provided by the elastic properties of the lung, part of which can be accounted for by tissue elasticity

87
Q

Properties of the alveoli

The pulmonary alveolar epithelium….

A

Lines the alveoli is a thin tissue and the nuclei of the cells protrude into the air spaces.

88
Q

Alveoli

Surface tension

A

A supportive property on the surface of a liquid. An apparent tension in an actually nonexistent surface film due to attractive properties of the liquid molecules

89
Q

How does the surface tension behaves like….

A

Stretched elastic, constantly trying to shorten and to resist further stretching.

90
Q

Surface tension accounts for two opposing paradoxical properties….

A

Tendency of the alveoli to collapse

Tendency to collapse is responsible for about two thirds of the elasticity of lung tissue.

91
Q

How does surface tension decrease

A

Type II alveolar cells produce a detergent like substance called pulmonary surfactant which intersperses with the liquid molecules on the alveolar surface.

Proper balance between alveolar fluid surface tension and surfactant is essential for normal respiratory function.

92
Q

Right lung…

A

Larger than the left and is shorter and broader due to the liver which occupies the right abdominal cavity which forces the dome of the diaphragm higher on that side and accounts for the shorter lung

93
Q

Left lung…

A

Smaller due to the heart occupying the majority of the left side of the thorax

94
Q

Lungs apex

A

Extends above the thoracic cavity, into the root of the neck

95
Q

Lungs base

A

Broad and concave and conforms to the thoracic surface of the diaphragm

96
Q

Diaphragm

A

Separates the base f the right lung from the build of the liver and separates the base of the left lung from the over, stomach, spleen

97
Q

Lungs lobes

Right lung

A

3 lobes by two fissures

Oblique fissure separates the superior from the inferior lobe.

Horizontal fissure gives rise to the small middle lobe

98
Q

Lung lobes

Left lung

A

Divided by an oblique fissure into a superior and inferior lobe.

2 lobes

99
Q

Weight of lungs

A

No air, sink in water

With air, float in water

100
Q

The pleurae

Parietal or costal pleura

A

An airtight membrane that lines the Inner surface of the thoracic cavity, the thoracic cavity of the diaphragm, and the mediastinum.

Very thin and very delicate serous membrane that is continuous with the visceral pleura

101
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Inside lining of the pleural cavity

102
Q

The pleurae is composed of…

A

Single layer of squamous mesothelial cells resting upon a delicate connective tissue membrane. Highly vascular and contain lymphatics and nerves. exceedingly delicate.

103
Q

What is the right and left pleural sacs separated by

A

The mediastinum which occupies the heart, blood vessels. And esophagus

104
Q

Functions of the pleurae

A

To provide friction-free lung and thoracic surfaces.

Protective capacity

105
Q

Pleurisy

A

Rough or inflamed pleurae that causes pain with each breath due to the accompanying friction

106
Q

Pneumothorax

A

A puncture that results in the collapse of a lung

107
Q

Pleural recesses or sinuses

A

Can be found in the spaces that are not occupied in the thoracic cavity.

108
Q

Intrapleural space

A

The fluid filled space between the visceral and parietal pleurae, which is actually nonexistent but potential space between the pleurae.

109
Q

The lungs have a tendency to collapse and pull away from the thoracic walls and can be accounted for by two factors….

A

First the inherent elasticity of lung tissue resists expansion during inhalation which accounts for about one fourth to one third of the elasticity of the lungs.

Second the surface tension in the fluid that lines the alveoli produces a tendency for the alveoli (and the lungs) to collapse.

110
Q

How are the lungs linked

A

To the thoracic walls by way of the pleural membranes

111
Q

What is pleural linkage

A

Movements of the thoracic walls are transmitted indirectly by the intrapleural fluids to the lungs

112
Q

Throughout every breath cycle the lung surfaces are held tightly incontact with what…

A

The inner surface of the thoracic walls

113
Q

What happens in the potential intrapleural spaces

A

The membranes and vascular tissues that constitute the pleurae constantly absorb gases and fluids that enter the potential intrapleural spaces which generates a sub atmospheric pressure that binds the visceral and parietal pleural membranes together

114
Q

Intrapleural fluid pressure

A

Negative pressure of the intrapleural fluid has a value of about -10 to -12 mm Hg that acts as the linking force between the pleurae and is the force that links the lungs to the thoracic walls.

115
Q

What happens in the visceral pleurae

A

The continuous absorption of in trapleural fluids and gases takes place during the action of inhalation and exhalation because the capillary pressure of the pulmonary system is about 7mm Hg less than the capillary pressure of the thoracic system.

116
Q

The sub atmospheric intrapleural fluid pressure is

A

The force that acts to bind the pleural membrane tightly to one another

117
Q

The pleural surface (intrapleural) pressure is

A

It registers the tendency for the stretched lung to recoil and pull away from the thoracic wall

118
Q

What is included in the breathing mechanism

A

The vertebral or spinal column, the rib cage, and the pelvis, which comprise the skeleton for the torso which is the trunk of the body without the head or free extremities

119
Q

Spinal column

A

Consist of 32 or 33 individual vertebrae

120
Q

What is the vertebrae joined together by

A

Intervertebral cartilages and complex system of ligaments

121
Q

Sections of the vertebrae

A 
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 4
Coccygeal - 3 or 4
122
Q

What is the sacral vertebrae fused by

A

Sacrum

123
Q

The spine of the vertebrae serve as…

A

The attachment of muscles and ligaments and provide protection for the vertebral column

124
Q

Two superior and two inferior articular processes

A

Articulate with adjacent vertebrae to form freely movable diarthrodial joints

125
Q

The intervertebral discs are composed of…

A

Fibrocartilage

126
Q

The intervertebral discs are joined

A

At their surfaces to thin layers of hyaline cartilage that cover the upper and lower surfaces of the bodies of the vertebrae.

127
Q

The intervertebral joints are

A

Amphiarthrodial or yielding

128
Q

The arches of the vertebrae articulate by means of

A

Plane synovial joints which are enveloped by relatively thin and loose articular capsules which are especially flexible in the cervical region

129
Q

Cervical vertebrae distinguishing feature

A

Transverse foraminae

3-6 have short bifurcated (cleft) spinous process

130
Q

C1

A

Atlas

Skull rests on c1

Has no body or spinous process.

Anterior and posterior tubercles are important landmarks in radio graphic examination.

131
Q

C2

A

Axis

Forms a pivot around c1 and the skull rotates

Landmark is the dens or odontoid process

132
Q

C7

A

Is distinctive because of the conspicuous spinous process which can usually be palpated at the base of the neck.

133
Q

Thoracic vertebrae is distinctive because

A

The articular facets on their transverse processes and vertebral bodies that provide pints of attachments to the ribs.

134
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

5

Large

Weight bearing

Lack transverse foraminae and articular facets on their transverse processes and vertebral bodies.

135
Q

Sacrum

A

5

United by 4 ossified intervertebral discs.

136
Q

Coccyx

A

Inferiority directed projection from the bottom of the sacrum.

Contains 3 - 4 fused vestigial vertebrae that articulate with the sacrum by means of a small intervertebral disc.

137
Q

Sternum

A

Prominent midline structure locate on the anterior, superior thoracic wall.

Consists of the manubrium, the body, and the diploid process.

138
Q

Manubrium

A

The uppermost segment of the sternum

139
Q

The rib cage

A

Has 12 pars of ribs

1-7 articulate posteriorly with the vertebral column, course obliquely downward, and at their lowest point the osseous ribs abruptly give way to costal cartilages which course upward to articulate with the sternum.

140
Q

How do the ribs articulate with the vertebral column

A

By means of arthrodial or gliding joints that are effected typically by two demiarticulations.

141
Q

True ribs

A

2-7 pairs join directly with the sternum

142
Q

Rib 1 articulates anteriorly by

A

Articulates with the sternum by means of synchondrosis.

143
Q

2-7 true ribs articulate anteriorly by

A

True synovial joint

144
Q

8-10 ribs

A

Indirectly connect to the sternum by means of long costal cartilages.

145
Q

False ribs

A

Ribs 8-10

146
Q

Ribs 11 and 12

A

Floating ribs

147
Q

Floating ribs

A

Ribs 11 and 12

Anterior extremities are free but have vertebral attachments

148
Q

During the inhalation phase of breathing, the dimensions of the thoracic cavity increase in three planes

A

Vertical, transverse, and anterposterior

149
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

The paired coxal bone or the hip bone

A supporting structure to which the lower limbs are attached.

Each coxal is composed of three lesser bones, the sacrum and the coccyx.

150
Q

Acetabulum

A

Vinegar cup

Forms the socket for the reception of the head of the femur.

The ilium, ischium, and the pubis meet at this point. These three bones constitute the coxal bone

151
Q

What is the hip bone composed of

A

Ilium is the great bulk of the hip bone.

The posterior part of the inner surface is articulated by means of cartilaginous joint with the lateral border of the sacrum. This union is called the sacroiliac joint

152
Q

Ischial tuberosity

A

Absorbs the weight of the body when one sits up straight and is concealed by the gluteus maximum muscle.

153
Q

Greater sciatic notch

A

Sciatic nerve passes though

154
Q

What is the pelvic girdle made up of

A

Coxal, sacrum and the coccyx

155
Q

What is the pectoral girdle made of

A

The clavicle and the scapula

156
Q

What does the pectoral girdle do

A

Provides attachment of the upper limbs to the torso

157
Q

Clavicle or collarbone

A

Serves to project the scapula (shoulder blade) sufficiently far laterally to clear the barrel shaped chest wall.

Shaped like the italic letter f

Proximal end rides on the upper lateral margin of the manubrium of the scapula, crossing over the first rib and its distal end articulated with the caroming of the scapula.

158
Q

Scapula

A

Thin triangular plate of bone located dorsal to the upper seven or eight ribs.

It attaches to the axial skeleton only by way of the clavicle

159
Q

Glenoid fossa

A

Articular facet for the upper arm bone

160
Q

Humerous articulate with

A

Glenoid fossa of the scapula

161
Q

Mechanical events responsible for air exchange during quiet breathing….

A

Through thoracic muscle contraction, all three dimensions of the chest are increased. The anterposterior, lateral, vertical

162
Q

Lungs are bound to the thoracic wall by….

A

Pleural linkage

163
Q

Expiratory phase

A

Negative reassure is momentarily generated within the pulmonary alveoli.

The upper respiratory tract opens

Air rushes into the lungs until the intraalveolar pressure is the same as atmospheric.

The muscles of inhalation cease to contract somewhat gradually

The dilated thorax-lung complex rebounds to generate a slightly positive intraalveolar pressure

Air is exhaled

164
Q

Quiet breathing requires

A

Active muscle contraction during the inspiratory phase, but the expiratory forces are passive, or nonmuscular.

165
Q

How much cc of air is exchanged during each respiratory cycle in adults

A

500 to 750 cc

166
Q

When additional air needs to be exhaled by passive means

A

The abdominal musculature May contract to facilitate forced exhalation.

167
Q

Breathing is divided into

A

Functional basis - those responsible for inhalation and those responsible for exhalation.

Anatomical basis - muscles of the thorax and muscles of the abdomen.

168
Q

Muscles of inhalation

A

Are confined largely to the thorax and accessory muscles of the neck

169
Q

Muscles of exhalation

A

Are confined primarily to the abdomen

170
Q

Muscles of the thorax (6)

A 
Diaphragm
Internal intercostals
External intercostals
Subcostals
Transverse thoracic
Costal elevators 
Serratus posterior superior
Serratus posterior inferior
171
Q

Diaphragm

A

Divides the torso into the thorax and abdomen

Second most important muscle in the body, first being the heart

Dome shaped, slightly higher on the right side than on the left, resemble an inverted bowl.

172
Q

Diaphragm protects the

A

Many important abdominal organs in contact with its lower surface enjoy protection from the lower ribs, liver, spleen, and to some extent the kidneys.

173
Q

Sternal portion of the diaphragm origin and insertion

A

Origin - margins at the outlet of the thorax

Insertion - course upward and inward and insert into the edges of the central tendon.

174
Q

Costal portion of the diaphragm origin and insertion

A

Origin, lower boarder a dinner surfaces of he cartilages of ribs 7 - 12. Slips of muscle fibers interdigitate with those of the transverse abdominis muscles. Insert into the central tendon

175
Q

Vertebral portion of the diaphragm

A

Origin from the upper lumbar vertebrae but means of two stout pillars of the muscle fibers known as crura. Inserts into the central tendon.

176
Q

Openings of the diaphragm

A

Aortic hiatus - permits the descending aorta to pass from the thorax into the abdomen.

Esophageal hiatus - esophagus and small arteries pass through

Foramen vena cava - inferior vena cava, several nerve bundles, and lymph vessels pass though it.

177
Q

Does the diaphragm have continuity with the torso

A

No

178
Q

Pericardium

A

Membranous sac that encloses the heart. Serous pericardium lines the fibrous sac and covers the outside of the sac..

179
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

Flask like Sac surrounding the serous pericardium, and the great blood vessels of the heart. Extremely tough membrane and quite thick. Attaches to the Manubrium and xiophoid process. Of the sternum and the vertebral column.

The fibrous pericardium becomes part of the diaphragm

180
Q

Does the heart lie unattached to it surroundings

A

Yes, it is held into place primarily by the blood vessels that enter and leave the heart.

181
Q

Liver

A

Invested with peritoneum

Suspended from the diaphragm by five ligaments formed by peritoneal folds. The ligaments also connect the liver to the anterior abdominal wall, the stomach, and the duodenum.

182
Q

How is the diaphragm unique

A

It appears to be an unpaired muscle and enjoys a bilateral nerve and blood supply.

It is a complex structure receiving muscular contributions from both sides of the body.

183
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

Located between the ribs.

Divided into the external intercostal and the internal intercostal

184
Q

External intercostals

A

Are a more dominant and stronger group of muscles that the internal intercostals.

11 paired

Occupy the space between the ribs

Course downward and lateral on either side of the vertebral column.

As they approach the central thoracic wall, they become less muscular and more aponeurotic.

185
Q

Internal intercostals

A

Lie deep to the external intercostals

11

Occupy an area extending from the anterior limits of the intercostal spaces to the angle of the rib posteriorly where they are continued with the vertebral column as thin aponeuroses.

The area just lateral to the vertebral column is devoid of internal intercostal muscles, while the area immediately lateral to the sternum contains muscle fibers of just the internal intercostal muscles.

Origin, lower borders of the upper eleven ribs and course from above to insert into the inner aspect of the ribs immediately below.

186
Q

Subcostals

A

Intracostals

Well developed on the inner posterior surface of the lower thoracic wall

Form a musculomembranous sheet that lines the back of the thorax, later to the tubercles of the ribs.

187
Q

Transversus thoracis

A

Triangularis sterni

Inner surface of the anterior thoracic wall contains the transver subs thoracis muscles

Thin fan shaped

Origin from the posterior surface of the body of the sternum. Insert into the lower borders and inner surfaces of ribs 2 through 6.

188
Q

The costal elevators

A

Muscle of the thorax

Twelve on either side

Arise from the transverse processes of the seventh cervical and upper eleven thoracic vertebrae. Fibers course downward and lateral ward and insert ewes the tubercle and the angle of the rib immediately below.

189
Q

Serratus posterior muscles

A

Superior and inferior versions

Associated with the thorax

Superior arises by means of a broad tendon from the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebrae. Insert on ribs two through five

Inferior originates by means of aponeuroses fro the spinous process of thoracic vertebrae eleven and twelve and from lumbar vertebrae one, two and three. Insert into the inferior borders of ribs eight through twelve.

190
Q

Action of the diaphragm

A

Contraction pulls the central tendon downward and forward, the lungs are stretched producing a negative alveolar pressure. Decrease in volume and increase in pressure with in the abdominal cavity.

The descending diaphragm acts like a piston, compressing the abdominal viscera and causing them to be displaced downward and forward against the abdominal wall. As a result the abdominal wall may be distended during inhalation

191
Q

During inhalation the muscle portion of the diaphragm …

A

Shortens and the diaphragm descends but without any substantial change in its curvature

SPA 330 (2 decks)

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